健全
jiàn quán
robust/
These groups have only a single pronunciation shared by all characters in the group, making them the easiest to learn and remember.
set up, establish
Old Chinese: *[k]a[n]-s
Middle Chinese: kjonH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qreŋs
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qeŋ
1straight; correct
Old Chinese: *treŋ
Middle Chinese: trjeng
2divine (v.)
Old Chinese: *treŋ
Middle Chinese: trjeng
good
Old Chinese: *[g]e[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyenX
tower
Old Chinese: *lˤə
Middle Chinese: doj
1level, peaceful
Old Chinese: *ləj
Middle Chinese: yij
2foreigner (especially to the east)
Old Chinese: *ləj
Middle Chinese: yij
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sraːn
boundary, limit
Old Chinese: *kaŋ
Middle Chinese: kjang
part of a yoke
Old Chinese: *qˤ
Middle Chinese: 'eak
end, in the end
Old Chinese: *[k]raŋʔ-s
Middle Chinese: kjaengH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: nuːʔ
elephant
Old Chinese: *s.[d]aŋʔ
Middle Chinese: zjangX
arrange, provide
Old Chinese: *[g](r)o-s
Middle Chinese: gjuH
exterior
Old Chinese: *p(r)awʔ
Middle Chinese: pjewX
hammer
Old Chinese: *tˤo[n]-s
Middle Chinese: twanH
long (time)
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷraŋʔ
Middle Chinese: hjwaengX
flow (v.)
Old Chinese: *ru
Middle Chinese: ljuw
fortunate
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤreŋʔ
Middle Chinese: heangX
profit; surplus
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]eŋ
Middle Chinese: yeng
four
Old Chinese: *s.li[j]-s
Middle Chinese: sijH
stool
Old Chinese: *C.kr[ə]jʔ
Middle Chinese: kijX
evening, night
Old Chinese: *s-ɢAk
Middle Chinese: zjek
high, rocky
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤuj
Middle Chinese: dzwoj
hill, mound
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷʰə
Middle Chinese: khjuw
cut; strike; attack
Old Chinese: *m-pat
Middle Chinese: bjot
smoke (v.); vapor, odor
Old Chinese: *qʰu[n]
Middle Chinese: xjun
dark
Old Chinese: *mˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: meng
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: da
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: daʔ
(place name)
Old Chinese: *C.[b]ˤraŋ
Middle Chinese: baeng
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ʔsrɯ
1extend, spread
Old Chinese: *N.rˤ[o]m
Middle Chinese: dom
2pointed, sharp
Old Chinese: *N-r[a]mʔ
Middle Chinese: yemX
1idle
Old Chinese: *N-kˤre[n]
Middle Chinese: hean
2great; large-minded
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤra[n]
Middle Chinese: hean
3well-trained
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤra[n]
Middle Chinese: hean
4bar, barrier
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤra[n]
Middle Chinese: hean
thin, sparse
Old Chinese: *qʰəj
Middle Chinese: xj+j
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: njonʔ
1draw the bow
Old Chinese: *li[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: yinX
2draw the bow
Old Chinese: *li[n]ʔ-s
Middle Chinese: yinH
complete (adj.)
Old Chinese: *[b]rək-s
Middle Chinese: bijH
white silk
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤak-s
Middle Chinese: suH
breed, produce
Old Chinese: *m-quk
Middle Chinese: yuwk
a kind of lance
Old Chinese: *[d]o
Middle Chinese: dzyu
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: koːn
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: koːns
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰaːʔ
1rest (v.)
Old Chinese: *qʰ(r)u
Middle Chinese: xjuw
2blessing
Old Chinese: *qʰ(r)u
Middle Chinese: xjuw
11/10th of a dǒu 斗
Old Chinese: *s-təŋ
Middle Chinese: sying
2rise (v.)
Old Chinese: *s-təŋ
Middle Chinese: sying
pendants of a banner
Old Chinese: *[N.]ru
Middle Chinese: yuw
completely
Old Chinese: *[s]i[t]
Middle Chinese: sit
grief, grieved
Old Chinese: *ʔ(r)u
Middle Chinese: 'juw
envelop, contain
Old Chinese: *Cə-m-kˤ[ə]m
Middle Chinese: hom
divide, distribute
Old Chinese: *pˤ
Middle Chinese: paen
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: zeb
1remarkable; hero
Old Chinese: *N-[k]
Middle Chinese: gjet
2perch for fowls
Old Chinese: *m-[k]
Middle Chinese: gjet
3lift, raise
Old Chinese: *[k]
Middle Chinese: kjet
move (v.)
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ar
Middle Chinese: tshjen
1bent, curved
Old Chinese: *N-kʰ(r)ok
Middle Chinese: gjowk
2department
Old Chinese: *[g](r)ok
Middle Chinese: gjowk
intercalary month
Old Chinese: *nu[n]-s
Middle Chinese: nywinH
youngest
Old Chinese: *kʷi[t]-s
Middle Chinese: kjwijH
shout; name of a state
Old Chinese: *ŋʷˤa
Middle Chinese: ngu
different
Old Chinese: *ɢ(r)ək-s
Middle Chinese: yiH
hawk, falcon
Old Chinese: *[s]urʔ
Middle Chinese: swinX
silk
Old Chinese: *[s]ə
Middle Chinese: si
tree, wood
Old Chinese: *C.mˤok
Middle Chinese: muwk
fill
Old Chinese: *leŋ (< *liŋ?)
Middle Chinese: yeng
chestnut tree
Old Chinese: *[r]i[t]
Middle Chinese: lit
to wear at girdle, pendants
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤək-s
Middle Chinese: bwojH
regulate, govern
Old Chinese: *[r]ə
Middle Chinese: li
war expedition; service
Old Chinese: *ɢʷek
Middle Chinese: ywek
1beard
Old Chinese: *C-[s.n]o
Middle Chinese: sju
2斯須 a short time
Old Chinese: *[s]o
Middle Chinese: sju
1chain
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤojʔ
Middle Chinese: swaX
2small, fragment
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤojʔ
Middle Chinese: swaX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: men
1send
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰe[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: khjienX
2grave goods
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰe[n]ʔ-s (*kʰ- doesn't palatalize)
Middle Chinese: khjienH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: l'iːm
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kaːds
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kaːd
deer
Old Chinese: *mə-rˤok
Middle Chinese: luwk
magician
Old Chinese: *C.m(r)[o]
Middle Chinese: mju
1blow (v.)
Old Chinese: *tʰo[r]
Middle Chinese: tsyhwe
2musical concert
Old Chinese: *tʰo[r]-s
Middle Chinese: tsyhweH
1have hegemony
Old Chinese: *pˤrak-s
Middle Chinese: paeH
2new moon
Old Chinese: *[pʰˤ]rak
Middle Chinese: phaek
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: rins
excess; licentious
Old Chinese: *N.r[ə]m
Middle Chinese: yim
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ruɡ
1foreigners in the west
Old Chinese: *nuŋ
Middle Chinese: nyuwng
2weapon
Old Chinese: *nuŋ
Middle Chinese: nyuwng
charcoal, coal
Old Chinese: *[tʰ]ˤa[n]-s
Middle Chinese: thanH
prisoner
Old Chinese: *sə.lu
Middle Chinese: zjuw
small (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *ʔˤ[i]w
Middle Chinese: 'ew
hope
Old Chinese: *[k]rə[t]-s (dial. < *[k]rək-s ?)
Middle Chinese: kijH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kʷeːŋ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡʷeːŋʔ
reap
Old Chinese: *s.rək
Middle Chinese: srik
vast
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤəŋ
Middle Chinese: hwong
1how
Old Chinese: *ʔa[n]
Middle Chinese: 'jen
2(3p locative pronoun)
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]a[n] (atonic)
Middle Chinese: hjen
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: lams
cart drawn by men
Old Chinese: *[r][a][n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: ljenX
grieved
Old Chinese: *mrə[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: minX
wild goose
Old Chinese: *C.[ŋ]ˤrar-s
Middle Chinese: ngaenH
These groups contain only 1 exceptional character pronunciation.
edge of a blade
Old Chinese: *nə[n]-s
Middle Chinese: nyinH
will-o'-the wisp
Old Chinese: *[r]ə[n]
Middle Chinese: lin
city moat
Old Chinese: *[q](r)oŋ (< *[q](r)om)
Middle Chinese: 'jowng
return
Old Chinese: *m-p(r)uk
Middle Chinese: bjuwk
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qʰʷaːns
unlucky
Old Chinese: *qʰ(r)oŋ
Middle Chinese: xjowng
agriculture; to farm
Old Chinese: *nˤ[o]ŋ
Middle Chinese: nowng
1[surname]
Old Chinese: *C.ra[n]
Middle Chinese: ljen
2connect in a row
Old Chinese: *[r]a[n]
Middle Chinese: ljen
foot; stop
Old Chinese: *təʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyiX
sing; song
Old Chinese: *law
Middle Chinese: yew
say
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷə[r]
Middle Chinese: hjun
split (v.)
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤek
Middle Chinese: sek
name
Old Chinese: *C.meŋ
Middle Chinese: mjieng
promise; whisper in one's ear
Old Chinese: *nrep
Middle Chinese: nrjep
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰoms
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: bom
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: reːɡ
1split (v.)
Old Chinese: *[s]e
Middle Chinese: sje
2this
Old Chinese: *[s]e
Middle Chinese: sje
3斯須 a short time
Old Chinese: *se
Middle Chinese: sje
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: muːɡs
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰuw
1oh!
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]ˤa
Middle Chinese: 'u
2crow, raven; black
Old Chinese: *qˤa
Middle Chinese: 'u
3烏桓, 烏丸 Wūhuán: Avars (W. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *ʔˤa
Middle Chinese: 'u
1penetrate
Old Chinese: *m-[tʰ]ret
Middle Chinese: drjet
2divide land acc. to a certain share system
Old Chinese: *m-tʰret
Middle Chinese: drjet
3divide land acc. to a certain share system
Old Chinese: *tʰret
Middle Chinese: trhjet
4penetrate
Old Chinese: *tʰret
Middle Chinese: trhjet
stomach
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷə[t]-s
Middle Chinese: hjw+jH
ashes
Old Chinese: *m̥ˤə
Middle Chinese: xwoj
even, level (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤe[r]
Middle Chinese: ken
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: njen
1army
Old Chinese: *srij
Middle Chinese: srij
2master
Old Chinese: *srij
Middle Chinese: srij
1roll over; unfold
Old Chinese: *trenʔ
Middle Chinese: trjenX
2ritual robe
Old Chinese: *tra[n]-s
Middle Chinese: trjenH
you(r)
Old Chinese: *n[ə][r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: nyeX
east
Old Chinese: *tˤoŋ (< *tˤoŋʔ ?)
Middle Chinese: tuwng
people
Old Chinese: *mi[ŋ]
Middle Chinese: mjin
seek
Old Chinese: *[g](r)u
Middle Chinese: gjuw
cut out, prepare
Old Chinese: *tet-s
Middle Chinese: tsyejH
broom; comet
Old Chinese: *s-[ɢ]ʷe[t]-s
Middle Chinese: zjwejH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡluːwɢ
increase
Old Chinese: *q[i]k (dialect: *-ik > *-ek)
Middle Chinese: 'jiek
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡruːl
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡruːl
dusk, dark
Old Chinese: *m̥ˤu[n]
Middle Chinese: xwon
13rd earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[ɢ](r)ər
Middle Chinese: yij
23rd earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[ɢ](r)ər
Middle Chinese: yin
with united forces
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤep
Middle Chinese: hep
stand for musical instruments
Old Chinese: *t
Middle Chinese: trjuH
spring, source
Old Chinese: *s-N-ɢʷar (MC I!)
Middle Chinese: dzjwen
who
Old Chinese: *[d]uk
Middle Chinese: dzyuwk
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: hljɯmʔ
statute, norm
Old Chinese: *tˤə[r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: tenX
bring forward; perform (music)
Old Chinese: *tsˤo(ʔ)-s
Middle Chinese: tsuwH
shield
Old Chinese: *lˤu[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: dwonX
south
Old Chinese: *nˤ[ə]m
Middle Chinese: nom
military
Old Chinese: *m(r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: mjuX
catch, get
Old Chinese: *m-qʷˤrak
Middle Chinese: hweak
be on guard
Old Chinese: *kˤrək-s (~ kˤrək)
Middle Chinese: keajH
1long, longing
Old Chinese: *[ɢ](r)aŋʔ
Middle Chinese: yangX
2nourish, raise
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]aŋʔ
Middle Chinese: yangX
kind, good
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤi[j]-s
Middle Chinese: hwejH
mortar
Old Chinese: *C.[g]ʷəʔ
Middle Chinese: gjuwX
filial
Old Chinese: *qʰˤ
Middle Chinese: xaewH
cowry shell
Old Chinese: *pˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: pajH
grandchild; descendant
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤu[n]
Middle Chinese: swon
1palace
Old Chinese: *[N-t]ˤə[n]-s
Middle Chinese: denH
2rear (building, army unit)
Old Chinese: *tˤə[n]-s
Middle Chinese: tenH
3palace, hall
Old Chinese: *tˤə[n]-s
Middle Chinese: tenH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kluː
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: rab
steward; minister
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤəʔ
Middle Chinese: tsojX
1bushel; ladle
Old Chinese: *tˤoʔ
Middle Chinese: tuwX
2ladle
Old Chinese: *toʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyuX
a kind of lance
Old Chinese: *[g]ʷ(r)a
Middle Chinese: gju
1stitch (n.?)
Old Chinese: *trot-s
Middle Chinese: trjwejH
2stitch
Old Chinese: *trot
Middle Chinese: trjwet
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ban
destroy; not have
Old Chinese: *mˤet
Middle Chinese: met
Qín (place name)
Old Chinese: *[dz]i[n]
Middle Chinese: dzin
announce
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤu
Middle Chinese: kaw
(name of a northern tribe)
Old Chinese: *lˤek
Middle Chinese: dek
1rations
Old Chinese: *p.rimʔ
Middle Chinese: limX
2rations; receive
Old Chinese: *p.rimʔ (dialect: *p.r- > *pr-)
Middle Chinese: pimX
pull, drag
Old Chinese: *[ɢ](r)o
Middle Chinese: yu
oppose, contrary
Old Chinese: *[tʰ]o[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyhwenX
bind (v.)
Old Chinese: *[m]-kˤek-s
Middle Chinese: hejH
important
Old Chinese: *[q]ew(k)-s
Middle Chinese: 'jiewH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: klje
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kljeʔ
receive
Old Chinese: *[d]uʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyuwX
officer; gentleman
Old Chinese: *[m-s-]rəʔ
Middle Chinese: dzriX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kɯɡ
go to
Old Chinese: *ɢʷaŋʔ
Middle Chinese: hjwangX
foot (measure)
Old Chinese: *tʰAk
Middle Chinese: tsyhek
beautiful
Old Chinese: *[m]rəjʔ
Middle Chinese: mijX
1exhaust (v.)
Old Chinese: *tsi[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: tsinX
2exhaust (v.)
Old Chinese: *m-tsi[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: dzinX
sickness
Old Chinese: *[dz]i[t]
Middle Chinese: dzit
1ride (v.)
Old Chinese: *Cə.ləŋ
Middle Chinese: zying
2vehicle
Old Chinese: *Cə.ləŋ-s
Middle Chinese: zyingH
3team of four horses
Old Chinese: *Cə.ləŋ-s
Middle Chinese: zyingH
1slipper, shoe
Old Chinese: *s.qʰAk
Middle Chinese: sjek
2slipper, shoe
Old Chinese: *s.qʰak (dialect: *s.qʰ> MC tsh-, *-ak > -jak)
Middle Chinese: tshjak
tail
Old Chinese: *[m]əjʔ
Middle Chinese: mj+jX
1yoke
Old Chinese: *C.qˤ
Middle Chinese: keak
2tripod with hollow legs
Old Chinese: *k.rˤek
Middle Chinese: lek
1great
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤraʔ
Middle Chinese: haeX
2summer
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤraʔ (~ *[g]ˤraʔ-s)
Middle Chinese: haeH
1turn around; return
Old Chinese: *s-ɢʷen
Middle Chinese: zjwen
2whorl of hair on the head
Old Chinese: *s-ɢʷen-s
Middle Chinese: zjwenH
drum (n.)
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: kuX
1odor, to stink (intransitive)?
Old Chinese: *t-qʰu(ʔ)-s
Middle Chinese: tsyhuwH
2odor, to stink (intransitive)?
Old Chinese: *qʰu(ʔ)-s
Middle Chinese: xjuwH
demolish
Old Chinese: *[m̥](r)ajʔ
Middle Chinese: xjweX
cruel
Old Chinese: *[ŋ](r)awk
Middle Chinese: ngjak
1swallow (n.)
Old Chinese: *ʔˤe[n]-s
Middle Chinese: 'enH
2feast
Old Chinese: *ʔˤe[n]-s
Middle Chinese: 'enH
nobility, rank
Old Chinese: *[ts]ewk
Middle Chinese: tsjak
lie down, sleep
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ˤ[o]j-s
Middle Chinese: ngwaH
mulberry tree
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: sang
1domesticated animals
Old Chinese: *qʰ
Middle Chinese: trhjuwH
2store (v.)
Old Chinese: *qʰ
Middle Chinese: trhjuwk
3domestic animal
Old Chinese: *qʰuk-s
Middle Chinese: xjuwH
4nourish
Old Chinese: *qʰuk
Middle Chinese: xjuwk
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: mu
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kʷroːlʔ
Middle Chinese: kʷreːiʔ
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ʔsoːŋ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ʔsoːŋʔ
timid
Old Chinese: *[dz]r[a][n]
Middle Chinese: dzrean
These groups have at least 4 characters and only 2 pronunciations.
brilliant; distinctive mark; to display
Old Chinese: *taŋ
Middle Chinese: tsyang
complete (adj.)
Old Chinese: *[dz]o[n]
Middle Chinese: dzjwen
sand
Old Chinese: *sˤraj
Middle Chinese: srae
courtyard
Old Chinese: *lˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: deng
joy; rejoice
Old Chinese: *qʰ(r)əʔ
Middle Chinese: xiX
1distinguish; punctiious
Old Chinese: *[b]en
Middle Chinese: bjien
2even (adj.)
Old Chinese: *breŋ
Middle Chinese: bjaeng
3make even
Old Chinese: *m-breŋ
Middle Chinese: bjaeng
1burn, scorch
Old Chinese: *S.tew
Middle Chinese: tsjew
2Jiao (place name)
Old Chinese: *S.tew
Middle Chinese: tsjew
come together; pair
Old Chinese: *N-tsˤu
Middle Chinese: dzaw
fish (n.)
Old Chinese: *[r.ŋ]a
Middle Chinese: ngjo
small worm (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *qʷˤen
Middle Chinese: 'wen
criminals accusing one another (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *prenʔ
Middle Chinese: pjenX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tʰjaŋ
a long time
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷəʔ
Middle Chinese: kjuwX
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sins
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tods
1spring, source; origin
Old Chinese: *N-ɢʷar
Middle Chinese: ngjwon
2high plain (n.)
Old Chinese: *N-ɢʷar
Middle Chinese: ngjwon
obstruct; distress
Old Chinese: *kʰˤu[n]-s
Middle Chinese: khwonH
1sit
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤo[j]ʔ
Middle Chinese: dzwaX
2to set
Old Chinese: *m-[dz]ˤo[j]ʔ
Middle Chinese: dzwaX
3seat n.
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤo[j]ʔ-s
Middle Chinese: dzwaH
black
Old Chinese: *m̥ˤək (dialect *m̥ˤ- > xˤ-)
Middle Chinese: xok
mountain demon
Old Chinese: *r̥aj
Middle Chinese: trhje
sovereign; queen
Old Chinese: *ɢˤ(r)oʔ
Middle Chinese: huwX
tread on; trample
Old Chinese: *lˤap
Middle Chinese: dap
These groups have at least 4 characters and only 3 pronunciations.
1modal particle
Old Chinese: *gə
Middle Chinese: gi
2(3p possessive)
Old Chinese: *gə
Middle Chinese: gi
1dwarf
Old Chinese: *to
Middle Chinese: tsyu
2red
Old Chinese: *to
Middle Chinese: tsyu
7th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *kˤraŋ
Middle Chinese: kaeng
master; host
Old Chinese: *toʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyuX
wait
Old Chinese: *s-no
Middle Chinese: sju
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: shroːŋ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: shloːŋ
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: run
1go to
Old Chinese: *tə
Middle Chinese: tsyi
2(3p object pronoun; attributive particle)
Old Chinese: *tə
Middle Chinese: tsyi
sharp; profit
Old Chinese: *C.ri[t]-s
Middle Chinese: lijH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ŋo
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ŋos
a kind of net (on a handle?) (Shuōwén: 'bird net')
Old Chinese: *rˤaj
Middle Chinese: la
avoid
Old Chinese: *mr[o][r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: mjenX
1gather, pluck
Old Chinese: *s.r̥ˤəʔ
Middle Chinese: tshojX
2colorful
Old Chinese: *s.r̥ˤəʔ
Middle Chinese: tshojX
1distant
Old Chinese: *mˤa[n]-s
Middle Chinese: manH
2extended, long
Old Chinese: *ma[n]-s
Middle Chinese: mjonH
reach to
Old Chinese: *[m-k-]rəp
Middle Chinese: gip
1small; almost
Old Chinese: *kəj
Middle Chinese: kj+j
2few; how many
Old Chinese: *kəjʔ
Middle Chinese: kj+jX
10,000
Old Chinese: *C.ma[n]-s
Middle Chinese: mjonH
1tall
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ˤaw
Middle Chinese: ngaw
2saunter about
Old Chinese: *ŋˤaw
Middle Chinese: ngaw
dazzle
Old Chinese: *[N]-qʷˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: hweng
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ŋrans
1peace(ful)
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]ˤa[n]
Middle Chinese: 'an
2how
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]ˤa[n]
Middle Chinese: 'an
3安息 Ānxī (Iranian country in the western regions, W. Hàn; from Aršaka = Arsaces, founder of the Arsacid dynasty)
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]ˤa[n]
Middle Chinese: 'an
mountain, hill
Old Chinese: *s-ŋrar
Middle Chinese: srean
peace
Old Chinese: *nˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: neng
spine; pitch-pipe
Old Chinese: *[r]aʔ
Middle Chinese: ljoX
dark
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤi[n]
Middle Chinese: hwen
中冓 inner chamber
Old Chinese: *kˤ(r)o-s
Middle Chinese: kuwH
depend on
Old Chinese: *rˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: lajH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kɯds
armour; scale of animals
Old Chinese: *kˤr[e]p-s
Middle Chinese: keajH
1man
Old Chinese: *p(r)a
Middle Chinese: pju
2this, that
Old Chinese: *[b]a
Middle Chinese: bju
3final particle
Old Chinese: *ba
Middle Chinese: bju
1numerous
Old Chinese: *nˤ[ə][r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: nejX
2(adv. suffix)
Old Chinese: *n[ə][r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: nyeX
3you(r)
Old Chinese: *n[ə][r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: nyeX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: moːŋ
fear (v.); threaten
Old Chinese: *ʔuj-s
Middle Chinese: 'jw+jH
thought (n.)
Old Chinese: *ʔ(r)ək-s
Middle Chinese: 'iH
long robe
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷa[n]
Middle Chinese: hjwon
go around
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤəj
Middle Chinese: hwoj
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: klaːŋ
1consort, wife
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ˤəj
Middle Chinese: tshej
2give as wife
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ˤəj-s
Middle Chinese: tshejH
1southwest corner of a house
Old Chinese: *ʔˤuk-s
Middle Chinese: 'awH
2cove in the bank of a stream
Old Chinese: *ʔ(r)uk
Middle Chinese: 'juwk
advance (v.)
Old Chinese: *sə-lu[t]-s
Middle Chinese: zwijH
1comet
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤ[u]t-s
Middle Chinese: bwojH
2comet
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤ[u]t
Middle Chinese: bwot
kiln; pottery
Old Chinese: *[l]ˤu
Middle Chinese: daw
1why, what
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤe (dial. for 何 *[g]ˤaj?)
Middle Chinese: hej
2slave, servant
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤe
Middle Chinese: hej
1ear
Old Chinese: *C.nəʔ
Middle Chinese: nyiX
2=而已 “that’s all”
Old Chinese: *nəʔ
Middle Chinese: nyiX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kod
10th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *kʷijʔ
Middle Chinese: kjwijX
1flower (n.)
Old Chinese: *qʷʰˤra
Middle Chinese: xwae
2flower (v.); flowery (adj.)
Old Chinese: *N-qʷʰˤra
Middle Chinese: hwae
3[name of a mountain]
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤra-s
Middle Chinese: hwaeH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: praːn
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: paːn
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: baːn
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: l'ud
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɦljud
1shoot; archer
Old Chinese: *Cə.lAk-s
Middle Chinese: zyaeH
2hit with bow and arrow
Old Chinese: *Cə.lAk
Middle Chinese: zyek
1violent
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤawk-s
Middle Chinese: bawH
2expose to sun
Old Chinese: *m-pˤawk
Middle Chinese: buwk
1(morning) audience at court
Old Chinese: *m-t
Middle Chinese: drjew
2morning
Old Chinese: *t
Middle Chinese: trjew
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: quds
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qud
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: boːɡ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: puɡ
hobbled pig (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *tʰrok
Middle Chinese: trhjowk
take, use
Old Chinese: *ləʔ
Middle Chinese: yiX
feudal lord
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤ(r)o
Middle Chinese: huw
1to become (v.i.)
Old Chinese: *[d]eŋ
Middle Chinese: dzyeng
2to complete (tr. v)
Old Chinese: *m-[d]eŋ
Middle Chinese: dzyeng
tree trunk
Old Chinese: *C.pˤə[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: pwonX
1time, season
Old Chinese: *[g]rə[r]
Middle Chinese: gin
2(a kind of vegetable)
Old Chinese: *kə[r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: kj+nX
3clay
Old Chinese: *[g]rə[r]
Middle Chinese: gin
clan
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤok
Middle Chinese: dzuwk
bamboo
Old Chinese: *truk
Middle Chinese: trjuwk
1honor (v.)
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤu[n]
Middle Chinese: tswon
2wine-cup
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤu[n]
Middle Chinese: tswon
1penetrate
Old Chinese: *qʰˤraŋ
Middle Chinese: xaeng
2(loan for) to boil
Old Chinese: *[p.qʰ]ˤraŋ
Middle Chinese: phaeng
3sacrificial offering
Old Chinese: *[qʰ]aŋʔ
Middle Chinese: xjangX
1cut up; unloose
Old Chinese: *kˤreʔ
Middle Chinese: keaX
2understand
Old Chinese: *N-kˤreʔ
Middle Chinese: heaX
3=懈 lazy
Old Chinese: *N-kˤreʔ
Middle Chinese: heaX
to love; to grudge (< ‘draw close to oneself’?)
Old Chinese: *[q]ˤə[p]-s
Middle Chinese: 'ojH
1high; lift high
Old Chinese: *[k.ŋ]ˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: ngang
2I, me
Old Chinese: *ŋˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: ngang
fever
Old Chinese: *tʰrə[n]-s
Middle Chinese: trhinH
small
Old Chinese: *məj
Middle Chinese: mj+j
transgress
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤe[t]-s
Middle Chinese: lejH
delicate, slender
Old Chinese: *[ʔ](r)aw
Middle Chinese: 'jew
1frequently
Old Chinese: *[b]i[n]
Middle Chinese: bjin
2river bank
Old Chinese: *[m-p]i[n]
Middle Chinese: bjin
vessel, bowl
Old Chinese: *mraŋʔ
Middle Chinese: mjaengX
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: zrɯːm
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: zraːm
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kluɡ
These groups have at least 4 characters and share at least 1 pronunciation among all the contained characters.
1upwards
Old Chinese: *[d]aŋ-s
Middle Chinese: dzyangH
2still, yet
Old Chinese: *[d]aŋ-s
Middle Chinese: dzyangH
ancient
Old Chinese: *kˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: kuX
tiger
Old Chinese: *qʰˤra (dialect *qˤʰr- >r̥ˤ- > x-)
Middle Chinese: xu
1bear, be born; live
Old Chinese: *sreŋ (MC srj- > sr-; or *s.reŋ ?)
Middle Chinese: sraeng
2fresh, raw
Old Chinese: *sreŋ
Middle Chinese: sraeng
3bear, be born; live
Old Chinese: *sreŋ (or *s.reŋ ?)
Middle Chinese: srjaeng
(nominalizing particle)
Old Chinese: *tAʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyaeX
1square
Old Chinese: *C-paŋ
Middle Chinese: pjang
2method
Old Chinese: *paŋ
Middle Chinese: pjang
3just, then
Old Chinese: *paŋ
Middle Chinese: pjang
each
Old Chinese: *kˤak
Middle Chinese: kak
1officer
Old Chinese: *kˤoŋ
Middle Chinese: kuwng
2work
Old Chinese: *kˤoŋ
Middle Chinese: kuwng
1begin
Old Chinese: *p(r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: pjuX
2great
Old Chinese: *praʔ
Middle Chinese: pjuX
white
Old Chinese: *bˤrak
Middle Chinese: baek
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: braːn
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: zaŋ
1king
Old Chinese: *ɢʷaŋ
Middle Chinese: hjwang
2be king
Old Chinese: *ɢʷaŋ-s
Middle Chinese: hjwangH
1[final particle]
Old Chinese: *tsa
Middle Chinese: tsjo
2moreover
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]Aʔ
Middle Chinese: tshjaeX
1repeat; double
Old Chinese: *[m]-troŋ
Middle Chinese: drjowng
2heavy
Old Chinese: *N-t
Middle Chinese: drjowngX
3weight (n.)
Old Chinese: *N-t
Middle Chinese: drjowngH
knife
Old Chinese: *C.tˤaw
Middle Chinese: taw
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pruː
jade scepter
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷˤe
Middle Chinese: kwej
1pole
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤar
Middle Chinese: kan
2shield (n.)
Old Chinese: *kˤa[r]
Middle Chinese: kan
3piece, item
Old Chinese: *kˤar
Middle Chinese: kan
4(placename)
Old Chinese: *kˤar
Middle Chinese: kan
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰoŋ
flee; disappear; die
Old Chinese: *maŋ
Middle Chinese: mjang
1disappear
Old Chinese: *[s]ew
Middle Chinese: sjew
2resemble
Old Chinese: *[s]ew-s
Middle Chinese: sjewH
1sg., prob. a polite form
Old Chinese: *la
Middle Chinese: yo
now
Old Chinese: *[k]r[ə]m
Middle Chinese: kim
1passage; opening
Old Chinese: *lˤot-s
Middle Chinese: dwajH
2glad
Old Chinese: *lˤot-s
Middle Chinese: dwajH
1there is no X such that X …
Old Chinese: *mˤak
Middle Chinese: mak
2deliberate (v.) (loan)
Old Chinese: *mˤak
Middle Chinese: mak
use (v.)
Old Chinese: *loŋ-s
Middle Chinese: yowngH
is not
Old Chinese: *pəj
Middle Chinese: pj+j
bright
Old Chinese: *laŋ
Middle Chinese: yang
1go; at
Old Chinese: *ɢʷ(r)a
Middle Chinese: hju
2單于 chányú: Xiōngnú ruler (W. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *ɦʷa (< *ɢʷ(r)a)
Middle Chinese: hju
we, I
Old Chinese: *ŋˤajʔ
Middle Chinese: ngaX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kɯːns
follow; from
Old Chinese: *l[u]
Middle Chinese: yuw
li (measure of distance); village
Old Chinese: *(mə.)rəʔ
Middle Chinese: liX
mother
Old Chinese: *məʔ (? or *mˤoʔ)
Middle Chinese: muwX
1together; put together; combined
Old Chinese: *kˤop
Middle Chinese: kop
2come together; bring together
Old Chinese: *m-kˤop
Middle Chinese: hop
I, me
Old Chinese: *lə
Middle Chinese: yi
yes, agree; satisfied, at ease
Old Chinese: *lo
Middle Chinese: yu
1脊令 tsjek.leng (a kind of water bird)
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤiŋ
Middle Chinese: leng
2send (a person)
Old Chinese: *riŋ
Middle Chinese: ljeng
3issue a command
Old Chinese: *riŋ-s
Middle Chinese: ljengH
high, tall
Old Chinese: *Cə.[k]ˤaw
Middle Chinese: kaw
sheep
Old Chinese: *ɢaŋ
Middle Chinese: yang
1inspect
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤram
Middle Chinese: kaem
2mirror
Old Chinese: *kˤram-s
Middle Chinese: kaemH
go against
Old Chinese: *ŋrak
Middle Chinese: ngjaek
1accumulate
Old Chinese: *[d]ˤun
Middle Chinese: dwon
2difficult
Old Chinese: *trun
Middle Chinese: trwin
prognosticate
Old Chinese: *tem
Middle Chinese: tsyem
1go or come out
Old Chinese: *t-kʰut
Middle Chinese: tsyhwit
2bring or take out
Old Chinese: *t-kʰut-s
Middle Chinese: tsyhwijH
1divide
Old Chinese: *pə[n]
Middle Chinese: pjun
2alloted duty
Old Chinese: *[m]-pə[n]-s
Middle Chinese: bjunH
skin
Old Chinese: *m-[p](r)aj
Middle Chinese: bje
1female
Old Chinese: *nraʔ
Middle Chinese: nrjoX
2give as a wife
Old Chinese: *nraʔ-s
Middle Chinese: nrjoH
1snake
Old Chinese: *pˤra
Middle Chinese: pae
2[place name]
Old Chinese: *pˤra
Middle Chinese: pae
valley
Old Chinese: *C.qˤok
Middle Chinese: kuwk
1inner coffin
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤek
Middle Chinese: bek
2law, rule; lawful
Old Chinese: *[N]-pek
Middle Chinese: bjiek
3ruler, prince
Old Chinese: *pek
Middle Chinese: pjiek
God
Old Chinese: *tˤek-s
Middle Chinese: tejH
1even, uniform
Old Chinese: *[N-q]ʷi[n]
Middle Chinese: ywin
2little, few (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷi[ŋ]
Middle Chinese: ywin
may; acceptable
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰˤa[j]ʔ
Middle Chinese: khaX
drag, trail (v.)
Old Chinese: *[r]o
Middle Chinese: lju
14th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *tˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: teng
2nail (n.)
Old Chinese: *tˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: teng
3sound of beating
Old Chinese: *tˤreŋ
Middle Chinese: treang
what
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤat
Middle Chinese: hat
1a kind of sacrificial vessel
Old Chinese: *k-tˤəŋ
Middle Chinese: tong
2ascend
Old Chinese: *tˤəŋ
Middle Chinese: tong
shoot arrow with string attached
Old Chinese: *lək
Middle Chinese: yik
select, distinguish
Old Chinese: *kˤr[a]nʔ
Middle Chinese: keanX
cross (v.)
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤraw
Middle Chinese: kaew
1odd (number)
Old Chinese: *[k](r)aj
Middle Chinese: kje
2strange
Old Chinese: *N-k(r)aj
Middle Chinese: gje
1dragon
Old Chinese: *[mə]-roŋ
Middle Chinese: ljowng
2variegated
Old Chinese: *mˤroŋ
Middle Chinese: maewng
1low, humble
Old Chinese: *pe
Middle Chinese: pjie
2鮮卑 *s[a]r.pe Xiānbēi
Old Chinese: *pe
Middle Chinese: pjie
five
Old Chinese: *C.ŋˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: nguX
all; many
Old Chinese: *s.qʰ[a]m (dialect: *s.qʰ > MC tsh-)
Middle Chinese: tshjem
1curved
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤ(r)o
Middle Chinese: kuw
2loan for 彀 draw a bow to the full
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤ(r)ok-s
Middle Chinese: kuwH
3phrase
Old Chinese: *[k](r)o-s
Middle Chinese: kjuH
truly
Old Chinese: *[l]u[r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: ywinX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ŋeːw
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ruːl
1impartial, just; public
Old Chinese: *C.qˤoŋ
Middle Chinese: kuwng
2father; prince
Old Chinese: *C.qˤoŋ
Middle Chinese: kuwng
leaping flames (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *pʰew
Middle Chinese: phjiew
turn over in bed
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]o[r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: 'jwonX
1tshang-kaeng 'oriole'
Old Chinese: *[s.r̥]ˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: tshang
2granary
Old Chinese: *tsʰˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: tshang
1Zhōu (dynasty and place)
Old Chinese: *tiw
Middle Chinese: tsyuw
2cycle; all around
Old Chinese: *tiw
Middle Chinese: tsyuw
(a measure)
Old Chinese: *qˤ(r)o
Middle Chinese: 'uw
add
Old Chinese: *kˤraj
Middle Chinese: kae
12th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤəʔ
Middle Chinese: hojX
1compare
Old Chinese: *C.pijʔ
Middle Chinese: pjijX
2combine; all
Old Chinese: *pij-s
Middle Chinese: pjijH
good
Old Chinese: *[r]aŋ
Middle Chinese: ljang
hemp
Old Chinese: *C.mˤraj
Middle Chinese: mae
1support, hold up
Old Chinese: *ke
Middle Chinese: tsye
2branch (of tree), limb
Old Chinese: *ke
Middle Chinese: tsye
1end (v.)
Old Chinese: *ʔaŋ
Middle Chinese: 'jang
2center (n.)
Old Chinese: *ʔaŋ
Middle Chinese: 'jang
together, all
Old Chinese: *N-k(r)oŋʔ-s
Middle Chinese: gjowngH
combine; at the same time
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤem
Middle Chinese: kem
dawn
Old Chinese: *tˤan-s
Middle Chinese: tanH
(final particle)
Old Chinese: *lAjʔ
Middle Chinese: yaeX
kill; cruel
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤa[n]
Middle Chinese: dzan
hall
Old Chinese: *s-[d]əʔ-s
Middle Chinese: ziH
suddenly
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤrak-s
Middle Chinese: dzraeH
caterpillar; Shu [place name]
Old Chinese: *[d]ok
Middle Chinese: dzyowk
1dignified, grand
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤranʔ
Middle Chinese: baenX
2reverse (v.)
Old Chinese: *Cə.panʔ
Middle Chinese: pjonX
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: b·roːn
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: b·ron
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: b·rons
11st (month)
Old Chinese: *C.teŋ
Middle Chinese: tsyeng
2correct (adj., v.)
Old Chinese: *teŋ-s
Middle Chinese: tsyengH
burnt offering
Old Chinese: *[r][a]w-s
Middle Chinese: ljewH
head; first
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]o[r] (< nasal + uvular)
Middle Chinese: ngjwon
numerous; commoner
Old Chinese: *s-tak-s
Middle Chinese: syoH
4th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *mˤruʔ
Middle Chinese: maewX
1combine two things
Old Chinese: *peŋ
Middle Chinese: pjieng
2combine two things
Old Chinese: *peŋ-s
Middle Chinese: pjiengH
stand (v.)
Old Chinese: *k.rəp
Middle Chinese: lip
this
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]e(j)ʔ
Middle Chinese: tshjeX
1announce, inform
Old Chinese: *kˤuk-s
Middle Chinese: kawH
2announce, inform
Old Chinese: *kˤuk
Middle Chinese: kowk
ghost
Old Chinese: *k-ʔujʔ
Middle Chinese: kjw+jX
give
Old Chinese: *p(r)o-s
Middle Chinese: pjuH
a kind of lance
Old Chinese: *m(r)u
Middle Chinese: mjuw
1armpit
Old Chinese: *[ɢ](r)Ak
Middle Chinese: yek
2also
Old Chinese: *ɢ(r)Ak
Middle Chinese: yek
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: quːn
in the past
Old Chinese: *[s]Ak
Middle Chinese: sjek
1Western tribes
Old Chinese: *tˤij
Middle Chinese: tej
2bottom
Old Chinese: *tˤijʔ
Middle Chinese: tejX
sell
Old Chinese: *[l][iw]k
Middle Chinese: yuwk
forest
Old Chinese: *[r]əm
Middle Chinese: lim
guest
Old Chinese: *pi[n]
Middle Chinese: pjin
flat and thin
Old Chinese: *pˤe[r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: penX
sweet
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤ[a]m
Middle Chinese: kam
rely on
Old Chinese: *ʔi[n]
Middle Chinese: 'jin
lift high
Old Chinese: *k-ŋˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: kang
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ʔljin
Middle Chinese: tjin
5th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[d]ər
Middle Chinese: dzyin
destroy; worn out
Old Chinese: *[b]e[t]-s
Middle Chinese: bjiejH
great number
Old Chinese: *lr[a]wʔ
Middle Chinese: drjewX
also, in addition
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷəʔ-s
Middle Chinese: hjuwH
army; camp
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷər
Middle Chinese: kjun
foot
Old Chinese: *sra
Middle Chinese: srjo
fullness
Old Chinese: *[b]ək
Middle Chinese: bjuwk
half
Old Chinese: *pˤan-s
Middle Chinese: panH
press between
Old Chinese: *kˤ
Middle Chinese: keap
1st heavenly stem; fingernail
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤr[a]p
Middle Chinese: kaep
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: njam
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: njamʔ
fruit; result
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤo[r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: kwaX
all; everywhere
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤr[ə]m
Middle Chinese: heam
1單于 chányú: Xiōngnú ruler (W. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *dar (< *[d]ar)
Middle Chinese: dzyen
2single, simple
Old Chinese: *Cə.tˤar
Middle Chinese: tan
another
Old Chinese: *l̥ˤaj
Middle Chinese: tha
1I, we
Old Chinese: *laʔ
Middle Chinese: yo
2give; together with
Old Chinese: *laʔ
Middle Chinese: yoX
generation
Old Chinese: *l̥ap-s
Middle Chinese: syejH
small
Old Chinese: *[s]ewʔ
Middle Chinese: sjewX
in every case
Old Chinese: *[b]rom
Middle Chinese: bjom
pulse, beans
Old Chinese: *s.tuk
Middle Chinese: syuwk
sharp point, thorn
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ek-s
Middle Chinese: tshjeH
1(negation)
Old Chinese: *p[u]t
Middle Chinese: pjut
2gust of wind
Old Chinese: *put
Middle Chinese: pjut
3writing brush (pron. in Yān 燕, ap. Shuōwén, E. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *put
Middle Chinese: pjut
younger brother
Old Chinese: *lˤəjʔ
Middle Chinese: dejX
cover
Old Chinese: *ʔ(r)omʔ
Middle Chinese: 'jemX
1leather
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷə[j]
Middle Chinese: hjw+j
2go against
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷə[j]
Middle Chinese: hjw+j
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰɯʔ
Middle Chinese: pʰuʔ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰl'oːs
Middle Chinese: tʰoːs
hill; capital city
Old Chinese: *[k]raŋ
Middle Chinese: kjaeng
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ʔsreːŋ
arrive
Old Chinese: *ti[t]-s
Middle Chinese: tsyijH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡaʔ
1solemn, severe
Old Chinese: *siwk
Middle Chinese: sjuwk
2contract (v.); shrivel
Old Chinese: *siwk
Middle Chinese: sjuwk
3present (v.)
Old Chinese: *siwk
Middle Chinese: sjuwk
4beat (v.)
Old Chinese: *siwk
Middle Chinese: sjuwk
5eager; swift
Old Chinese: *siwk
Middle Chinese: sjuwk
gate, door
Old Chinese: *mˤə[r]
Middle Chinese: mwon
tooth
Old Chinese: *m-ɢˤ
Middle Chinese: ngae
1long (adj.)
Old Chinese: *Cə-[N]-traŋ
Middle Chinese: drjang
2grow; elder
Old Chinese: *traŋʔ
Middle Chinese: trjangX
well (n.)
Old Chinese: *C.tseŋʔ
Middle Chinese: tsjengX
precious; expensive
Old Chinese: *kuj-s
Middle Chinese: kjw+jH
1longevity
Old Chinese: *[N-t]uʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyuwX
2longevity
Old Chinese: *[N-t]uʔ-s
Middle Chinese: dzyuwH
autumn; crop
Old Chinese: *tsʰiw
Middle Chinese: tshjuw
1not
Old Chinese: *pə
Middle Chinese: pjuw
2不律 writing brush (pron. in Wú 吳 ap. Shuōwén; E. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *pə
Middle Chinese: pjuw
fine-tasting
Old Chinese: *kijʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyijX
auspicious
Old Chinese: *C.qi[t] (*C.q- > *k-, escaping palatalization)
Middle Chinese: kjit
3d heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *praŋʔ
Middle Chinese: pjaengX
1remove
Old Chinese: *s-naŋ
Middle Chinese: sjang
2Xiāng (personal name)
Old Chinese: *s-naŋ
Middle Chinese: sjang
1take
Old Chinese: *tsʰˤoʔ
Middle Chinese: tshuwX
2take
Old Chinese: *tsʰoʔ
Middle Chinese: tshjuX
3take (a wife)
Old Chinese: *[ts]ʰoʔ-s
Middle Chinese: tshjuH
1ladle (n.)
Old Chinese: *m-tewk
Middle Chinese: dzyak
2ladle (v.)
Old Chinese: *tewk
Middle Chinese: tsyak
1uniform, equal
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤəj
Middle Chinese: dzej
2Qí (place name)
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤəj
Middle Chinese: dzej
horse
Old Chinese: *mˤraʔ
Middle Chinese: maeX
give
Old Chinese: *m-q(r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: yoX
dare
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤamʔ
Middle Chinese: kamX
set of cowries; friend
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤəŋ
Middle Chinese: bong
a vein of water (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *k.lˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: keng
together, join
Old Chinese: *lˤoŋ
Middle Chinese: duwng
official (n.)
Old Chinese: *kʷˤa[n]
Middle Chinese: kwan
burn, blazing
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷ(r)am
Middle Chinese: hjem
1martial
Old Chinese: *pˤar
Middle Chinese: pa
2a turn, a time
Old Chinese: *pʰar
Middle Chinese: phjon
arrow
Old Chinese: *l̥i[j]ʔ
Middle Chinese: syijX
1mutually
Old Chinese: *[s]aŋ
Middle Chinese: sjang
2appearance, quality
Old Chinese: *[s]aŋ-s
Middle Chinese: sjangH
divide, make a breach
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷˤret-s
Middle Chinese: kwaejH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: neb
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: laːɡ
1circle; round
Old Chinese: *ɢʷ
Middle Chinese: hjwen
2(a particle)
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷə[n]
Middle Chinese: hjun
ornate
Old Chinese: *mə[n]
Middle Chinese: mjun
1easy
Old Chinese: *lek-s
Middle Chinese: yeH
2change; exchange
Old Chinese: *lek
Middle Chinese: yek
1lodge (v.)
Old Chinese: *[s-n̥]i[j]-s
Middle Chinese: tshijH
2put in order; second
Old Chinese: *[s-n̥]i[j]-s
Middle Chinese: tshijH
hang down
Old Chinese: *[d]o[j]
Middle Chinese: dzywe
millet or rice grains, dehusked and polished
Old Chinese: *(C.)mˤ[e]jʔ
Middle Chinese: mejX
high, tall
Old Chinese: *[N-k](r)aw
Middle Chinese: gjew
cut meat from the bone
Old Chinese: *kʷˤrajʔ
Middle Chinese: kwaeX
1委蛇 compliant, complaisant
Old Chinese: *q(r)oj
Middle Chinese: 'jwe
2entrust to
Old Chinese: *q(r)ojʔ
Middle Chinese: 'jweX
3collect; store
Old Chinese: *q(r)ojʔ
Middle Chinese: 'jweX
4bend; hang down
Old Chinese: *q(r)orʔ
Middle Chinese: 'jweX
ancestral temple
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤuŋ
Middle Chinese: tsowng
1finish, die
Old Chinese: *[ts]ut
Middle Chinese: tswit
2soldier
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤut
Middle Chinese: tswot
110th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *N-ruʔ
Middle Chinese: yuwX
2wine
Old Chinese: *N-ruʔ
Middle Chinese: yuwX
3old
Old Chinese: *N-ruʔ
Middle Chinese: yuwX
thatch, cover (v.)
Old Chinese: *m-[k]ˤap
Middle Chinese: hap
1some; or
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤək
Middle Chinese: hwok
2territory
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷrək
Middle Chinese: hwik
garrulous
Old Chinese: *[t]am
Middle Chinese: tsyem
only
Old Chinese: *ɢʷij (< *ɢʷuj?)
Middle Chinese: ywij
1scorch, burn
Old Chinese: *n̥ˤarʔ
Middle Chinese: xanX
2dry
Old Chinese: *[qʰ]ˤarʔ-s
Middle Chinese: xanH
beg, ask
Old Chinese: *C.qʰət
Middle Chinese: khj+t
1pungent; painful
Old Chinese: *[s]i[n]
Middle Chinese: sin
28th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *si[n]
Middle Chinese: sin
axe; catty
Old Chinese: *[k]ər
Middle Chinese: kj+n
17th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[m].qʰˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: nguX
2resist; cross-wise
Old Chinese: *m-qʰˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: nguX
1left (side)
Old Chinese: *tsˤa[j]ʔ
Middle Chinese: tsaX
2assist
Old Chinese: *tsˤa[j]ʔ
Middle Chinese: tsaX
3assist
Old Chinese: *tsˤarʔ-s
Middle Chinese: tsaH
stream, river
Old Chinese: *t.l̥u[n] (MC -jwen is irregular)
Middle Chinese: tsyhwen
high; splendid
Old Chinese: *tˤrawk
Middle Chinese: traewk
tip (n.)
Old Chinese: *tˤor
Middle Chinese: twan
1meeting; have a meeting
Old Chinese: *m-kˤop-s
Middle Chinese: hwajH
2阿會亘 ēhuìxuān: Skt. ābhāsvara ‘shining’ (E. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *ɦʷˤajs (< *m-kˤop-s)
Middle Chinese: hwajH
3calculate; calculation
Old Chinese: *kˤop-s
Middle Chinese: kwajH
(other) person
Old Chinese: *ni[ŋ]
Middle Chinese: nyin
1don't
Old Chinese: *mut
Middle Chinese: mjut
2not ... it
Old Chinese: *mut
Middle Chinese: mjut
1(adverb indicating past time)
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤəŋ
Middle Chinese: dzong
2remote (ancestor)
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤəŋ
Middle Chinese: tsong
destroy
Old Chinese: *lˤojʔ
Middle Chinese: dwaX
1heaven
Old Chinese: *l̥ˤi[n]
Middle Chinese: then
2heaven
Old Chinese: *l̥ˤi[n] (W dialect: l̥ˤ- > Hàn-time *xˤ- > MC x-)
Middle Chinese: xen
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: saːws
1solitary standing (sc. tree)
Old Chinese: *[d]ˤet-s
Middle Chinese: dejH
2bend (v.i.)
Old Chinese: *N-tet
Middle Chinese: dzyet
3bend; break (v.t.)
Old Chinese: *tet
Middle Chinese: tsyet
1not yet
Old Chinese: *m[ə]t-s
Middle Chinese: mj+jH
28th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *m[ə]t-s
Middle Chinese: mj+jH
all
Old Chinese: *kˤrij
Middle Chinese: keaj
small pit
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤromʔ-s
Middle Chinese: heamH
melon, gourd
Old Chinese: *kʷˤra
Middle Chinese: kwae
16th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *k(r)əʔ
Middle Chinese: kiX
2self
Old Chinese: *k(r)əʔ
Middle Chinese: kiX
necessarily
Old Chinese: *pi[t]
Middle Chinese: pjit
1change; hexagram
Old Chinese: *N-kˤraw
Middle Chinese: haew
2change; hexagram
Old Chinese: *N-kˤraw
Middle Chinese: haew
1excessive, very
Old Chinese: *[t.ɢ][ə]mʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyimX
2excessive
Old Chinese: *[t.ɢ][ə]mʔ-s
Middle Chinese: dzyimH
tear apart; rank
Old Chinese: *[r][e]t
Middle Chinese: ljet
9th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *l̥i[n]
Middle Chinese: syin
1(respectful suffix in male names)
Old Chinese: *p(r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: pjuX
2father
Old Chinese: *[N-p](r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: bjuX
1your
Old Chinese: *nˤə(ŋ)ʔ
Middle Chinese: nojX
2then
Old Chinese: *nˤəʔ
Middle Chinese: nojX
to sob
Old Chinese: *C.qʰˤuʔ (Shuōwén; no pre-Qín exx.)
Middle Chinese: khawX
superintend
Old Chinese: *s-lə
Middle Chinese: si
1turn around, turn back
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤar
Middle Chinese: hwan
2turn around
Old Chinese: *s-[q]ʷar
Middle Chinese: sjwen
3阿會亘 ēhuìxuān: Skt. ābhāsvara ‘shining’ (E. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *swar (< *s-[q]ʷar)
Middle Chinese: sjwen
lord; ruler
Old Chinese: *C.qur
Middle Chinese: kjun
old man
Old Chinese: *s-ruʔ (dialect: > *sruʔ > MC srjuwX > sruwX > suwX)
Middle Chinese: suwX
elder brother
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤu[n]
Middle Chinese: kwon
2d earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[n̥]ruʔ
Middle Chinese: trhjuwX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: reːls
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: lu
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: lum
1manage, direct
Old Chinese: *tˤur (dialect: *-r > *-j)
Middle Chinese: twoj
2solid, thick
Old Chinese: *tˤur
Middle Chinese: twon
3敦煌 ~ 燉煌 Dūnhuáng
Old Chinese: *tˤur
Middle Chinese: twon
straight
Old Chinese: *N-t
Middle Chinese: drik
9th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *n[ə]m
Middle Chinese: nyim
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: b·roːɡ
exclusively
Old Chinese: *ton
Middle Chinese: tsywen
heron
Old Chinese: *C.qʷˤar-s
Middle Chinese: kwanH
1then
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤək
Middle Chinese: tsok
2rule, pattern
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤək
Middle Chinese: tsok
borrow
Old Chinese: *Cə.kˤraʔ
Middle Chinese: kaeX
sunrise (Shuowen)
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤar-s
Middle Chinese: kanH
1bean
Old Chinese: *[N.t]ˤo-s
Middle Chinese: duwH
2vessel with a neck
Old Chinese: *[d]ˤok-s
Middle Chinese: duwH
many
Old Chinese: *[t.l]ˤaj
Middle Chinese: ta
nine
Old Chinese: *[k]uʔ
Middle Chinese: kjuwX
place where
Old Chinese: *liw
Middle Chinese: yuw
2nd heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *qrət
Middle Chinese: 'it
flying high (no pre-Han text)
Old Chinese: *[r]iw-s
Middle Chinese: ljuwH
scribe
Old Chinese: *s-rəʔ
Middle Chinese: sriX
1center
Old Chinese: *truŋ
Middle Chinese: trjuwng
2hit the center
Old Chinese: *truŋ-s
Middle Chinese: trjuwngH
light, brightness
Old Chinese: *kʷˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: kwang
sprout (n.)
Old Chinese: *m(r)aw
Middle Chinese: mjew
extend
Old Chinese: *la[n]
Middle Chinese: yen
end of a branch
Old Chinese: *mˤat
Middle Chinese: mat
1sacrifice
Old Chinese: *[ts]et-s
Middle Chinese: tsjejH
2(name of a state)
Old Chinese: *[ts](ˤ)re[t]-s
Middle Chinese: tsreajH
this
Old Chinese: *[d]eʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyeX
to flower
Old Chinese: *[s-l]u(ʔ)-s
Middle Chinese: sjuwH
talent, ability
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤə
Middle Chinese: dzoj
protect
Old Chinese: *pˤuʔ
Middle Chinese: pawX
winter
Old Chinese: *tˤuŋ
Middle Chinese: towng
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: zloŋ
house; roof
Old Chinese: *qˤok (or *ʔˤok ?)
Middle Chinese: 'uwk
1not have
Old Chinese: *ma
Middle Chinese: mju
2volitional prefix
Old Chinese: *ma
Middle Chinese: mju
3don’t
Old Chinese: *mo
Middle Chinese: mju
there, then, thereupon
Old Chinese: *ɢʷa[n]
Middle Chinese: hjwon
twist (v.)
Old Chinese: *k-riw (dialect: *k-r- > *kr-)
Middle Chinese: kjiw
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kreːds
I, we, our
Old Chinese: *lrəmʔ
Middle Chinese: drimX
grass for fuel or fodder
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ro
Middle Chinese: tsrhju
1happy, pleasant
Old Chinese: *C.qʰˤəjʔ
Middle Chinese: khojX
2how
Old Chinese: *C.qʰəjʔ
Middle Chinese: khj+jX
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: lowʔ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: lu
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: lo
mound, hill
Old Chinese: *[r]əŋ
Middle Chinese: ling
11st earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[ts]əʔ
Middle Chinese: tsiX
2child; gentleman, master
Old Chinese: *tsəʔ
Middle Chinese: tsiX
1bring or send in
Old Chinese: *nˤ[u]p
Middle Chinese: nop
2inside
Old Chinese: *nˤ[u]p-s
Middle Chinese: nwojH
1circumstances; setting
Old Chinese: *ŋ̊et-s
Middle Chinese: syejH
2to plant
Old Chinese: *ŋet-s (MC I!)
Middle Chinese: ngjiejH
to manifest
Old Chinese: *lreŋ
Middle Chinese: drjeng
earth
Old Chinese: *tʰˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: thuX
6th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *s-[ɢ]əʔ
Middle Chinese: ziX
before
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤen (~ *m-dzˤen)
Middle Chinese: dzen
bind; bundle
Old Chinese: *s-tʰok
Middle Chinese: syowk
1toil
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤaw
Middle Chinese: law
2to reward for toil
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤaw-s
Middle Chinese: lawH
plant leaves
Old Chinese: *tˤrak
Middle Chinese: traek
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ʔsib
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: shib
1oh!
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]ˤa
Middle Chinese: 'u
2at (locative preposition)
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]a
Middle Chinese: 'jo
transform
Old Chinese: *qʷʰˤ
Middle Chinese: xwaeH
a kind of bird
Old Chinese: *tur
Middle Chinese: tsywij
(final particle)
Old Chinese: *qəʔ (atonic)
Middle Chinese: hiX
red
Old Chinese: *[t-qʰ](r)Ak
Middle Chinese: tsyhek
1to cure
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤawk
Middle Chinese: lak
2joy; enjoy
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤawk
Middle Chinese: lak
3cause to rejoice
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ˤrawk-s
Middle Chinese: ngaewH
4music
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ˤrawk
Middle Chinese: ngaewk
1satiate, satisfy
Old Chinese: *ʔem
Middle Chinese: 'jiem
2satisfaction
Old Chinese: *ʔem-s
Middle Chinese: 'jiemH
adhere (?)
Old Chinese: *tək
Middle Chinese: tsyik
divine (v.)
Old Chinese: *pˤok
Middle Chinese: puwk
1go to
Old Chinese: *[ts]ik
Middle Chinese: tsik
2thereupon
Old Chinese: *[ts]ik
Middle Chinese: tsik
run (v.)
Old Chinese: *pˤur
Middle Chinese: pwon
household
Old Chinese: *kˤra
Middle Chinese: kae
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tʰaːd
1you
Old Chinese: *nak
Middle Chinese: nyak
2agree
Old Chinese: *nak
Middle Chinese: nyak
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: toːlʔ
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɢʷal
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɢʷal
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɢʷals
1a kind of wheat
Old Chinese: *mə.rˤək (> *mə.rˤə)
Middle Chinese: loj
2come
Old Chinese: *mə.rˤək (> *rˤə)
Middle Chinese: loj
hanging musical stone
Old Chinese: *[C.qʰ]ˤeŋ-s
Middle Chinese: khengH
so and so; a certain
Old Chinese: *məʔ
Middle Chinese: muwX
mouth
Old Chinese: *kʰˤ(r)oʔ
Middle Chinese: khuwX
pursue
Old Chinese: *truj
Middle Chinese: trwij
clan
Old Chinese: *k.deʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyeX
assist
Old Chinese: *m-təŋ
Middle Chinese: dzying
thumb; inch
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ˤu[n]-s
Middle Chinese: tshwonH
1to stop
Old Chinese: *nˤərʔ
Middle Chinese: nejX
2to stop, obstruct
Old Chinese: *nˤərʔ-s
Middle Chinese: nejH
3near, close
Old Chinese: *nr[əj]
Middle Chinese: nrij
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: boːd
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ʔslɯː
weak
Old Chinese: *newk
Middle Chinese: nyak
eight
Old Chinese: *pˤret
Middle Chinese: peat
ten
Old Chinese: *t.[g]əp
Middle Chinese: dzyip
fontanel
Old Chinese: *[s]ə[r]-s
Middle Chinese: sinH
child
Old Chinese: *ŋe
Middle Chinese: nye
growing grain
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤoj
Middle Chinese: hwa
1eat
Old Chinese: *mə-lək
Middle Chinese: zyik
2feed (v.)
Old Chinese: *s-m-lək-s
Middle Chinese: ziH
1big
Old Chinese: *lˤat-s (MC F!)
Middle Chinese: daH
2big
Old Chinese: *lˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: dajH
bone
Old Chinese: *kˤut
Middle Chinese: kwot
These groups have less than 4 characters but still share at least 1 pronunciation among all the contained characters.
ten feet
Old Chinese: *[d]raŋʔ
Middle Chinese: drjangX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: laː
carry; able; dominate
Old Chinese: *kʰˤək
Middle Chinese: khok
field; to hunt
Old Chinese: *lˤiŋ
Middle Chinese: den
corpse
Old Chinese: *l̥̥[ə]j
Middle Chinese: syij
old
Old Chinese: *C.rˤuʔ
Middle Chinese: lawX
wicked; spicy
Old Chinese: *mə.rˤat (~ C.rˤat ?)
Middle Chinese: lat
side by side, together
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤeŋʔ
Middle Chinese: bengX
1show (v.)
Old Chinese: *s-gijʔ-s
Middle Chinese: zyijH
2put (= 寘)
Old Chinese: *ke-s
Middle Chinese: tsyeH
eagle, falcon
Old Chinese: *[q](r)əŋ
Middle Chinese: 'ing
bright
Old Chinese: *mraŋ
Middle Chinese: mjaeng
claw
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤ
Middle Chinese: tsraewX
a pair
Old Chinese: *p.raŋʔ
Middle Chinese: ljangX
ritual vessel
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤijʔ
Middle Chinese: lejX
1breathe
Old Chinese: *sək
Middle Chinese: sik
2安息 Ānxī (Iranian country in the western regions, W. Hàn; from Aršaka = Arsaces, founder of the Arsacid dynasty)
Old Chinese: *sək
Middle Chinese: sik
(inhaled thing:) breath, air, vapors
Old Chinese: *C.qʰəp-s
Middle Chinese: khj+jH
1grieved; suffering
Old Chinese: *[ʔ](r)ə[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: 'j+nX
2conceal
Old Chinese: *[ʔ](r)ə[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: 'j+nX
3lean on
Old Chinese: *ʔ(r)ə[r]ʔ-s
Middle Chinese: 'j+nH
withdraw (≠ advance)
Old Chinese: *n̥ˤ[u]p-s
Middle Chinese: thwojH
1clothes
Old Chinese: *ʔ(r)əj
Middle Chinese: 'j+j
2wear (v.t.)
Old Chinese: *ʔ(r)əj-s
Middle Chinese: 'j+jH
islet in stream; province
Old Chinese: *tu
Middle Chinese: tsyuw
hair
Old Chinese: *C.mˤaw
Middle Chinese: maw
assist
Old Chinese: *tsˤarʔ-s
Middle Chinese: tsanH
1fresh; good
Old Chinese: *[s][a]r
Middle Chinese: sjen
2鮮卑 *s[a]r.pe Xiānbēi
Old Chinese: *s[a]r
Middle Chinese: sjen
3rare, few
Old Chinese: *[s][e]rʔ
Middle Chinese: sjenX
sound, tone
Old Chinese: *[q](r)əm
Middle Chinese: 'im
go along (a river); follow
Old Chinese: *lon
Middle Chinese: ywen
yawn
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰ(r)om-s
Middle Chinese: khjomH
dam up, block; mound
Old Chinese: *[q]i[n]
Middle Chinese: 'jin
to sacrifice on a following day
Old Chinese: *m.rum (dialect: *-um > *-uŋ)
Middle Chinese: yuwng
two
Old Chinese: *ni[j]-s
Middle Chinese: nyijH
rhinoceros
Old Chinese: *s.lˤəj
Middle Chinese: sej
flea
Old Chinese: *tsˤuʔ
Middle Chinese: tsawX
1dull, blunt, simple
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: luX
2(place name)
Old Chinese: *r.ŋˤaʔ (dialect > *rŋˤ- > *rˤ- > MC l-)
Middle Chinese: luX
sage (n.)
Old Chinese: *l̥eŋ-s
Middle Chinese: syengH
1bird net
Old Chinese: *[r]ut-s
Middle Chinese: lwijH
2norm, standard
Old Chinese: *[r]ut
Middle Chinese: lwit
3lead (v.); commander
Old Chinese: *s-rut-s
Middle Chinese: srwijH
4follow, go along
Old Chinese: *s-rut
Middle Chinese: srwit
examine
Old Chinese: *trəŋ
Middle Chinese: tring
blood
Old Chinese: *m̥ˤik
Middle Chinese: xwet
bird
Old Chinese: *tˤiwʔ
Middle Chinese: tewX
1mow, cut (v.)
Old Chinese: *ŋa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: ngjojH
2mow; regulate
Old Chinese: *ŋa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: ngjojH
1see (v.)
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤen-s
Middle Chinese: kenH
2appear
Old Chinese: *N-[k]ˤen-s
Middle Chinese: henH
3cause to appear, introduce
Old Chinese: *m-[k]ˤen-s
Middle Chinese: henH
1roll (v.)
Old Chinese: *[k](r)o[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: kjwenX
2handsome
Old Chinese: *[g]ʷren
Middle Chinese: gjwen
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: leds
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: led
1(Q particle)
Old Chinese: *ɢˤa
Middle Chinese: hu
2in, at
Old Chinese: *ɢˤa
Middle Chinese: hu
fire
Old Chinese: *[qʷʰ]ˤəjʔ
Middle Chinese: xwaX
1hatch (v.)
Old Chinese: *[b]ək-s
Middle Chinese: bjuwH
2lie prostrate
Old Chinese: *[b]ək
Middle Chinese: bjuwk
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: rɯːŋ
1rank, row
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: hang
2walk (v.)
Old Chinese: *Cə.[g]ˤraŋ
Middle Chinese: haeng
3action
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤraŋ-s
Middle Chinese: haengH
1drawing (n.)
Old Chinese: *C-gʷˤrek-s
Middle Chinese: hweaH
2draw (v.)
Old Chinese: *gʷˤrek
Middle Chinese: hweak
1measure (v.)
Old Chinese: *[r]aŋ
Middle Chinese: ljang
2measure (n.)
Old Chinese: *[r]aŋ-s
Middle Chinese: ljangH
turn around, return
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤ
Middle Chinese: hwaen
1frontier
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤək-s
Middle Chinese: sojH
2pass (n.)
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤək-s
Middle Chinese: sojH
3stop up, block (v.)
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤək
Middle Chinese: sok
1dark-red
Old Chinese: *ʔˤrə[r]
Middle Chinese: 'ean
2殷殷 distressed
Old Chinese: *ʔə[r]
Middle Chinese: 'j+n
3ample, many
Old Chinese: *ʔə[r]
Middle Chinese: 'j+n
4(dynastic name)
Old Chinese: *ʔər
Middle Chinese: 'j+n
leaf of door (: fan?)
Old Chinese: *[l̥][a][r]-s
Middle Chinese: syenH
There are no shared pronunciations in these groups. However, the pronunciations are still related, since they have a common ancestor in ancient Chinese.
slave, subject
Old Chinese: *[g]i[ŋ]
Middle Chinese: dzyin
pheasant
Old Chinese: *lˤewk
Middle Chinese: dek
1be hurt (v.i.); injury (n.)
Old Chinese: *N-kˤat-s
Middle Chinese: hajH
2hurt (v.t.)
Old Chinese: *m-kˤat-s
Middle Chinese: hajH
doubt
Old Chinese: *[ŋ](r)ə (< uvular)
Middle Chinese: ngi
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kleːwɢs
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɢlewɢ
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kleːwɢ
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sem
cut off
Old Chinese: *[ts]ramʔ
Middle Chinese: tsreamX
lack (v.)
Old Chinese: *[b](r)[o]p
Middle Chinese: bjop
lose
Old Chinese: *l̥i[t]
Middle Chinese: syit
stone
Old Chinese: *dAk
Middle Chinese: dzyek
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: men
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: meːnʔ
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: maːn
in danger
Old Chinese: *[ŋ](r)[o]j
Middle Chinese: ngjwe
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sl'ɯm
respectful
Old Chinese: *kreŋ(ʔ)-s
Middle Chinese: kjaengH
1village; district
Old Chinese: *qʰaŋ
Middle Chinese: xjang
2feast
Old Chinese: *qʰaŋʔ
Middle Chinese: xjangX
3to face
Old Chinese: *qʰaŋ-s
Middle Chinese: xjangH
1be fixed (v.i.)
Old Chinese: *N-tˤe[n]-s
Middle Chinese: denH
2set forth (v.t.)
Old Chinese: *m-tˤe[n]-s
Middle Chinese: denH
seven
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]i[t]
Middle Chinese: tshit
1replenish
Old Chinese: *[ts]ok-s
Middle Chinese: tsjuH
2sufficient
Old Chinese: *[ts]ok
Middle Chinese: tsjowk
3foot
Old Chinese: *[ts]ok
Middle Chinese: tsjowk
reach to
Old Chinese: *m-rˤəp-s
Middle Chinese: dojH
young
Old Chinese: *[ʔ](r)iw-s
Middle Chinese: 'jiwH
1accumulate
Old Chinese: r̥ˤəʔ
Middle Chinese: tshom
2參差 tsrhim.tsrhje uneven
Old Chinese: *[tsʰr][u]m
Middle Chinese: tsrhim
3three
Old Chinese: *s.rum (*s.r- > s-; infl. by 四 *s-?)
Middle Chinese: sam
4the constellation Orion’ (named for the three stars in Orion’s belt)
Old Chinese: *srum (should be *s.rum)
Middle Chinese: srim
concubine
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ap
Middle Chinese: tshjep
1(a particle)
Old Chinese: *ŋa[n]
Middle Chinese: ngjon
2I, we
Old Chinese: *ŋa[n]
Middle Chinese: ngjon
3speak; speech
Old Chinese: *ŋa[n]
Middle Chinese: ngjon
4tall
Old Chinese: *ŋa[r]
Middle Chinese: ngjon
seize
Old Chinese: *[t]ip
Middle Chinese: tsyip
window facing North; turn towards
Old Chinese: *n̥aŋ-s
Middle Chinese: xjangH
1egg
Old Chinese: *k.rˤorʔ (dialect: *-r > *-j)
Middle Chinese: lwaX
2egg
Old Chinese: *k.rˤorʔ
Middle Chinese: lwanX
girdle, strap
Old Chinese: *C.tˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: tajH
1following, thereupon
Old Chinese: *[N.]rut
Middle Chinese: ywit
2writing stylus or brush (pron. in Chǔ 楚 ap. Shuōwén; E. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *[m-]rut
Middle Chinese: ywit
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sqʰuːns
calculate; tally
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤorʔ-s
Middle Chinese: swanH
metal, bronze
Old Chinese: *k(r)[ə]m
Middle Chinese: kim
early
Old Chinese: *Nə.tsˤuʔ
Middle Chinese: tsawX
interval, short while
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷʰeŋʔ
Middle Chinese: khjwiengX
invade
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ][i]m
Middle Chinese: tshim
at ease
Old Chinese: *n̥ˤojʔ
Middle Chinese: thwaX
weapon
Old Chinese: *praŋ
Middle Chinese: pjaeng
outer wall
Old Chinese: *kʷˤak
Middle Chinese: kwak
dagger-axe
Old Chinese: *kʷˤaj
Middle Chinese: kwa
think of
Old Chinese: *nˤim-s
Middle Chinese: nemH
one
Old Chinese: *ʔi[t]
Middle Chinese: 'jit
study; imitate
Old Chinese: *m-kˤruk
Middle Chinese: haewk
1get rid of
Old Chinese: *[kʰ](r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: khjoX
2depart
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰ(r)ap-s
Middle Chinese: khjoH
fly forth, send forth
Old Chinese: *Cə.pat
Middle Chinese: pjot
running pig
Old Chinese: *l̥ˤo[r]-s
Middle Chinese: thwanH
lawsuit; prison
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]rok
Middle Chinese: ngjowk
nest
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤraw
Middle Chinese: dzraew
1head
Old Chinese: *l̥uʔ
Middle Chinese: syuwX
2turn the head towards
Old Chinese: *l̥uʔ-s
Middle Chinese: syuwH
submit
Old Chinese: *m-kˤru[ŋ] (? < *-[u]m)
Middle Chinese: haewng
strength
Old Chinese: *k.rək
Middle Chinese: lik
secondary
Old Chinese: *ʔˤrak-s
Middle Chinese: 'aeH
1scattered (adj.)
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤa[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: sanX
2scatter (v.t.)
Old Chinese: *mə-sˤa[n]ʔ-s
Middle Chinese: sanH
kind, class
Old Chinese: *pʰr[ə]mʔ
Middle Chinese: phimX
repeat; practice
Old Chinese: *s-ɢʷəp (with root *ɢʷəp ‘wing’?)
Middle Chinese: zip
1work (n.)
Old Chinese: *[m-qʰ](r)[a]p
Middle Chinese: ngjaep
2horizontal board of a bell stand or frame
Old Chinese: *[m-qʰ](r)[a]p
Middle Chinese: ngjaep
3strong, sturdy
Old Chinese: *[ŋ](r)[a]p
Middle Chinese: ngjaep
and, but
Old Chinese: *nə
Middle Chinese: nyi
full, fill
Old Chinese: *tʰuŋ
Middle Chinese: tsyhuwng
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qiːs
compass, circle
Old Chinese: *kʷe
Middle Chinese: kjwie
govern; governor
Old Chinese: *m-qurʔ
Middle Chinese: ywinX
exist
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤə[n]
Middle Chinese: dzwon
cut off
Old Chinese: *[dz]ot
Middle Chinese: dzjwet
buy
Old Chinese: *mˤrajʔ
Middle Chinese: meaX
gather, collect
Old Chinese: *[dz][u]p
Middle Chinese: dzip
(surname)
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰˤoŋʔ
Middle Chinese: khuwngX
1district
Old Chinese: *Cə.[g]ʷˤe[n]-s
Middle Chinese: hwenH
2suspend
Old Chinese: *[g]ʷˤe[n]
Middle Chinese: hwen
1keep, guard
Old Chinese: *s-tuʔ
Middle Chinese: syuwX
2territory in somebody's guard, fief
Old Chinese: *s.tuʔ-s
Middle Chinese: syuwH
a high number
Old Chinese: *[ts][i]jʔ
Middle Chinese: tsijX
(place name)
Old Chinese: *s.le
Middle Chinese: sje
1arrange
Old Chinese: *lri[n]
Middle Chinese: drin
2battle array
Old Chinese: *lri[n]-s
Middle Chinese: drinH
earthenware
Old Chinese: *p(r)uʔ
Middle Chinese: pjuwX
dream
Old Chinese: *C.məŋ-s
Middle Chinese: mjuwngH
body, person
Old Chinese: *k(r)uŋ
Middle Chinese: kjuwng
continuous; constant
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤəŋ-s
Middle Chinese: kongH
frank words (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *[p.l̥]ˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: pheng
bright and white
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ˤar-s
Middle Chinese: tshanH
1to curse
Old Chinese: *[t]uk-s
Middle Chinese: tsyuwH
2pray, recite
Old Chinese: *[t]uk
Middle Chinese: tsyuwk
3cut off, break
Old Chinese: *tuk
Middle Chinese: tsyuwk
feather, wing
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷ(r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: hjuX
cold
Old Chinese: *Cə.[g]ˤa[n]
Middle Chinese: han
kerchief
Old Chinese: *krən
Middle Chinese: kin
year
Old Chinese: *s-qʷʰat-s
Middle Chinese: sjwejH
5th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *m(r)uʔ-s (~ *m(r)uʔ)
Middle Chinese: muwH
eyebrow
Old Chinese: *mr[ə][r]
Middle Chinese: mij
varnish
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]i[t]
Middle Chinese: tshit
chin
Old Chinese: *[ɢ](r)ə
Middle Chinese: yi
conceal
Old Chinese: *nr[ə]k
Middle Chinese: nrik
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɢʷid
bury
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤaŋ-s
Middle Chinese: tsangH
1ladle, spoon
Old Chinese: *pijʔ
Middle Chinese: pjijX
2spoon
Old Chinese: *pijʔ
Middle Chinese: pjijX
amputate the feet
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ˤut
Middle Chinese: ngwot
disgrace
Old Chinese: *nok
Middle Chinese: nyowk
bow (n.)
Old Chinese: *kʷəŋ
Middle Chinese: kjuwng
elbow
Old Chinese: *t-[k]
Middle Chinese: trjuwX
a round, a circle
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤ[ə]p
Middle Chinese: tsop
cap
Old Chinese: *C.[b]ro[n]-s
Middle Chinese: bjenH
next day
Old Chinese: *ɢʷrəp (dialect: *-əp > *-up > *-uk)
Middle Chinese: yuwk
1fine hair; felt
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]op-s
Middle Chinese: tshjwejH
2down, fine hair
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]
Middle Chinese: tsrhjwejH
hull grain, beat (v.) stick for beating (n.)
Old Chinese: *s-toŋ
Middle Chinese: syowng
big mound
Old Chinese: *[b](r)uʔ
Middle Chinese: bjuwX
sun; day
Old Chinese: *C.nik
Middle Chinese: nyit
1first
Old Chinese: *sˤər
Middle Chinese: sen
2go first
Old Chinese: *sˤər-s
Middle Chinese: senH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: m·ruɡ
north
Old Chinese: *pˤək
Middle Chinese: pok
1a kind of bear
Old Chinese: *nˤə
Middle Chinese: noj
2a kind of bear
Old Chinese: *nˤə(ŋ)
Middle Chinese: nong
3able; ability
Old Chinese: *nˤə(ʔ) (~ *nˤəŋ)
Middle Chinese: nong
heart
Old Chinese: *səm
Middle Chinese: sim
1west
Old Chinese: *s-nˤər
Middle Chinese: sej
2west
Old Chinese: *s-nˤər
Middle Chinese: sej
1comfortable; advantageous
Old Chinese: *[b]e[n]-s
Middle Chinese: bjienH
2glib-tongued
Old Chinese: *[b]e[n]
Middle Chinese: bjien
face
Old Chinese: *C.me[n]-s
Middle Chinese: mjienH
1chariot
Old Chinese: *[t.qʰ](r)A
Middle Chinese: tsyhae
2chariot
Old Chinese: *C.q(r)a
Middle Chinese: kjo
insect
Old Chinese: *C.lruŋ
Middle Chinese: drjuwng
raise a mound; enfeoff
Old Chinese: *p(r)oŋ
Middle Chinese: pjowng
(place and family name)
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰrak
Middle Chinese: khjaek
tablet, records
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ](ˤ)rek
Middle Chinese: tsrheak
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: m̥ʰreːɡs
1brush (v.)
Old Chinese: *[s]r[o]t (dialect: retains MC srj-)
Middle Chinese: srjwet
2brush (v.)
Old Chinese: *[s]r[o]t
Middle Chinese: srwaet
11th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *s.mi[t]
Middle Chinese: swit
1mourning clothes
Old Chinese: *[s.r̥]ˤruj
Middle Chinese: tshwoj
2reduce
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]roj
Middle Chinese: tsrhjwe
3diminish, decline
Old Chinese: *sruj
Middle Chinese: srwij
toad
Old Chinese: *mˤrəŋʔ
Middle Chinese: meangX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pub
Middle Chinese: pud
spine, backbone
Old Chinese: *[ts]ek
Middle Chinese: tsjek
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɢʷeds
flute; key; tube
Old Chinese: *lewk
Middle Chinese: yak
model, law
Old Chinese: *[p.k]ap
Middle Chinese: pjop
elder brother
Old Chinese: *m̥raŋ
Middle Chinese: xjwaeng
bow, bend (v.)
Old Chinese: *C.pˤro[t]-s
Middle Chinese: peajH
broom
Old Chinese: *[t.p]əʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyuwX
1stop, cease
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤrajʔ
Middle Chinese: beaX
2wear out, exhaust
Old Chinese: *[b]raj
Middle Chinese: bje
cover
Old Chinese: *qʰˤraʔ
Middle Chinese: xaeX
1spend the night
Old Chinese: *[s]uk
Middle Chinese: sjuwk
2"mansion" of the zodiac (where the moon is found on successive nights)
Old Chinese: *[s]uk-s
Middle Chinese: sjuwH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: shraːl
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: shreːl
1self (adv.)
Old Chinese: *s.[b]i[t]-s
Middle Chinese: dzijH
2to follow; from
Old Chinese: *s.[b]i[t]-s
Middle Chinese: dzijH
These groups each contain only one character. It is still good to know the phonetic component, since it may be of use in learning new characters not treated here, in the same or other languages.
cease; already
Old Chinese: *ɢ(r)əʔ
Middle Chinese: yiX
1after
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤ(r)oʔ
Middle Chinese: huwX
2put after ?
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤ(r)oʔ-s
Middle Chinese: huwH
respond
Old Chinese: *[t]ˤ[u]p-s
Middle Chinese: twojH
fault; even more
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷə
Middle Chinese: hjuw
enter
Old Chinese: *n[u]p
Middle Chinese: nyip
examine; denounce
Old Chinese: *[t]ʰˤuʔ
Middle Chinese: thawX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: reːŋs
1musical note
Old Chinese: *s-taŋ
Middle Chinese: syang
2(place name)
Old Chinese: *s-taŋ
Middle Chinese: syang
3estimate; business; trader
Old Chinese: *s-taŋ
Middle Chinese: syang
continue
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤ[e]-s
Middle Chinese: kejH
truthful
Old Chinese: *s-ni[ŋ]-s
Middle Chinese: sinH
item
Old Chinese: *[g]r[a][n]ʔ (no pre-Qín exx?)
Middle Chinese: gjenX
outside
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ʷˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: ngwajH
man, male
Old Chinese: *nˤ[ə]m
Middle Chinese: nom
twice; a second time
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤə(ʔ)-s
Middle Chinese: tsojH
repay
Old Chinese: *pˤuk-s
Middle Chinese: pawH
1be cut in two
Old Chinese: *N-tˤo[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: dwanX
2cut in two
Old Chinese: *tˤo[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: twanX
3cut off; decide
Old Chinese: *tˤo[n]ʔ-s
Middle Chinese: twanH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tjuŋ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tjuŋs
step
Old Chinese: *mə-bˤa-s
Middle Chinese: buH
to be willing
Old Chinese: *kʰˤəŋʔ
Middle Chinese: khongX
lead (v.), govern
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤ(r)oʔ
Middle Chinese: buwX
1burst through
Old Chinese: *m-tʰˤut
Middle Chinese: dwot
2break through; suddenly
Old Chinese: *tʰˤut
Middle Chinese: thwot
seal
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]iŋ-s
Middle Chinese: 'jinH
consider
Old Chinese: *[d]ˤa
Middle Chinese: du
1wooden fork
Old Chinese: *pi[t]
Middle Chinese: pjit
2bird-net
Old Chinese: *pi[t]
Middle Chinese: pjit
3finish (v.)
Old Chinese: *pi[t]
Middle Chinese: pjit
1do, work
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤak
Middle Chinese: tsak
2do, work
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤak-s
Middle Chinese: tsuH
military unit of 500 men; to go
Old Chinese: *[r]aʔ
Middle Chinese: ljoX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: dju
advance (v.)
Old Chinese: *[ts][i][n]-s
Middle Chinese: tsinH
market (n.)
Old Chinese: *C.[d]əʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyiX
a kind of axe
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷat
Middle Chinese: hjwot
fly (v.)
Old Chinese: *Cə.pə[r] (dialect: *-r > *-j)
Middle Chinese: pj+j
display, manifest
Old Chinese: *qʰˤenʔ
Middle Chinese: xenX
1warm up
Old Chinese: *sə-l[ə]m (< *-um ?)
Middle Chinese: zim
2measure of 8 chǐ 尺
Old Chinese: *sə-l[ə]m
Middle Chinese: zim
1hostage; gift
Old Chinese: *[t]
Middle Chinese: trijH
2substance, solid part
Old Chinese: *t-lit
Middle Chinese: tsyit
to dye
Old Chinese: *C.n[a]mʔ
Middle Chinese: nyemX
1poison (n.)
Old Chinese: *[d]ˤuk
Middle Chinese: dowk
2to poison (v.)
Old Chinese: *m-[d]ˤuk-s
Middle Chinese: dowk
to guard
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷ(r)a[t]-s
Middle Chinese: hjwejH
vessel; instrument
Old Chinese: *[kʰ]r[ə][t]-s
Middle Chinese: khijH
counterpart; be the counterpart of
Old Chinese: *pʰˤ[ə][j]-s
Middle Chinese: phwojH
boiler
Old Chinese: *ŋar-s
Middle Chinese: ngjonH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: roːds
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡaŋʔ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡraŋs
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: l̥ʰuːms
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sil
awe-inspiring
Old Chinese: *ʔuj
Middle Chinese: 'jw+j
bear (n.)
Old Chinese: *C.[ɢ]ʷ(r)əm
Middle Chinese: hjuwng
calamity; distress
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤro[n]-s
Middle Chinese: hwaenH
spread wings and fly
Old Chinese: *(Cə.)pə[r]-s (W dialect)
Middle Chinese: pjunH
happy, rejoice
Old Chinese: *[kʰ]raŋ-s
Middle Chinese: khjaengH
run
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤoʔ
Middle Chinese: tsuwX
dwelling; palace; note of scale
Old Chinese: *k(r)uŋ
Middle Chinese: kjuwng
cope with
Old Chinese: *nˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: najH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sru
great
Old Chinese: *l̥ˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: thajH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: mreːwɢs
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: mreːwɢ
ox
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ʷə (< uvular?)
Middle Chinese: ngjuw
disorder, rebellion
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤo[n]-s
Middle Chinese: lwanH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kʰuːds
moon, month
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ʷat
Middle Chinese: ngjwot
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kʰuːd
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɢruds
die (v.)
Old Chinese: *sijʔ
Middle Chinese: sijX
steal
Old Chinese: *[d]ˤaw(k)-s
Middle Chinese: dawH
quarrel, wrangle
Old Chinese: *tˤok-s
Middle Chinese: tuwH
pursue
Old Chinese: *[l]riwk
Middle Chinese: drjuwk
custom
Old Chinese: *kˤro[n]-s
Middle Chinese: kwaenH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kʰloːnʔ
beginning
Old Chinese: *[ts]ʰra
Middle Chinese: tsrhjo
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɢʷɯ
discard
Old Chinese: *n̥ˤi[t]-s
Middle Chinese: thejH
1and, but, or
Old Chinese: *[ʔ](r)ik
Middle Chinese: 'ik
2rub, repress
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]ik
Middle Chinese: 'ik
rat
Old Chinese: *[l̥]aʔ
Middle Chinese: syoX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡʷreːns
go on foot
Old Chinese: *[d]ˤa
Middle Chinese: du
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kʰeːʔ
calamity
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤə
Middle Chinese: tsoj
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ban
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡoːn
dark; secluded
Old Chinese: *[ʔ](r)iw
Middle Chinese: 'jiw
Jìn (place name)
Old Chinese: *tsi[n]-s
Middle Chinese: tsinH
give
Old Chinese: *pi[t]-s
Middle Chinese: pjijH
drag into; trouble
Old Chinese: *[r]aj
Middle Chinese: lje
words
Old Chinese: *sə.lə
Middle Chinese: zi
meat, flesh
Old Chinese: *k.nuk
Middle Chinese: nyuwk
a kind of monkey
Old Chinese: *nˤu
Middle Chinese: naw
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ŋrɯːm
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ŋjab
1hide, skin
Old Chinese: *kˤrək
Middle Chinese: keak
2change (v.)
Old Chinese: *kˤrək
Middle Chinese: keak
fragrance
Old Chinese: *qʰaŋ
Middle Chinese: xjang
bright, limpid
Old Chinese: *tseŋ
Middle Chinese: tsjeng
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: rod
pregnant
Old Chinese: *l[i]ŋ-s
Middle Chinese: yingH
bore through
Old Chinese: *tʰo[n]
Middle Chinese: tsyhwen
sinew
Old Chinese: *C.[k]ə[n]
Middle Chinese: kj+n
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: djeb
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: teːb
shoulder (n.)
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤe[n]
Middle Chinese: ken
1drag feet; withdraw
Old Chinese: *lˤu[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: dwonX
2young pig
Old Chinese: *lˤu[n]
Middle Chinese: dwon
close (v.); obstruct
Old Chinese: *pˤi[t]-s
Middle Chinese: pejH
punish
Old Chinese: *[b][a]t
Middle Chinese: bjot
posterity; border
Old Chinese: *l[a][t]-s
Middle Chinese: yejH
double, accumulate
Old Chinese: *lˤ[i]p
Middle Chinese: dep
overflow
Old Chinese: *N-q(r)anʔ
Middle Chinese: yenX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: meːɡ
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ʔslem
cut, trim
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤet
Middle Chinese: dzet
cry (of birds or animals)
Old Chinese: *m.reŋ
Middle Chinese: mjaeng
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: dɯːd
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: duːd
seize
Old Chinese: *Cə.lˤot
Middle Chinese: dwat
a bit
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤr[a]m
Middle Chinese: haem
kill; cut (v.)
Old Chinese: *[g]ra[n]
Middle Chinese: gjen
fat (adj.)
Old Chinese: *[b][ə]r
Middle Chinese: bj+j
few
Old Chinese: *[C.k]ʷˤraʔ
Middle Chinese: kwaeX
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: hmɯlʔ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: hmɯls
leader (of an army)
Old Chinese: *s-rut-s
Middle Chinese: srwijH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰreːw
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰreːws
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: saːd
jade
Old Chinese: *[ŋ](r)ok (< uvular?)
Middle Chinese: ngjowk
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: roːs
rest (v.)
Old Chinese: *C.qʰ
Middle Chinese: khjejH
abyss
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]ʷˤi[ŋ]
Middle Chinese: 'wen
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: laːʔ
hanging ears (used as N.Pr.)
Old Chinese: *t-nrep
Middle Chinese: trjep
pestle
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]
Middle Chinese: tsrheap
grasp
Old Chinese: *praŋʔ
Middle Chinese: pjaengX
dog
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷʰˤ[e][n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: khwenX
thorns
Old Chinese: *krək
Middle Chinese: kik
blocked; anxious
Old Chinese: *qut
Middle Chinese: 'jut
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: l'ɯːb
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sqʰʷraːʔ
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sqʰʷraːʔ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sqʰʷraːs
to herd, herdsman
Old Chinese: *mək
Middle Chinese: mjuwk
enraged boar
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ə[t]-s
Middle Chinese: ngj+jH
milk; nipple
Old Chinese: *noʔ
Middle Chinese: nyuX
rabbit, hare
Old Chinese: *l̥ˤa-s
Middle Chinese: thuH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qon
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qʰʷreːŋ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qʰʷreːŋs
ford (n.)
Old Chinese: *[ts]i[n]
Middle Chinese: tsin
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: hljamʔ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: hljams
flask
Old Chinese: *[g](ʷ)ˤa
Middle Chinese: hu
tread on; sandal
Old Chinese: *[r]ijʔ
Middle Chinese: lijX
throw away, abandon
Old Chinese: *[kʰ]i[t]-s
Middle Chinese: khjijH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: shraŋʔ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: l̥ʰɯms
young
Old Chinese: *lrəj-s
Middle Chinese: drijH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: dawʔ
cauldron
Old Chinese: *tˤeŋʔ
Middle Chinese: tengX
move (to)
Old Chinese: *[s]ajʔ
Middle Chinese: sjeX
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: hr'uɡ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: shruɡ
manure, dirt
Old Chinese: *p[u]r-s
Middle Chinese: pjunH
dust (n.)
Old Chinese: *[d]rə[n]
Middle Chinese: drin
rob
Old Chinese: *k(r)ap
Middle Chinese: kjaep
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ruː
boat
Old Chinese: *tu
Middle Chinese: tsyuw
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qʰʷaːɡ
row of dancers
Old Chinese: *[N.]r[i]t
Middle Chinese: yit
umbrella, parasol
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤarʔ
Middle Chinese: sanX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qʰlus
pull, lead, drag
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰˤi[n]
Middle Chinese: khen
cautious
Old Chinese: *k(r)əŋ
Middle Chinese: king
crack (n.)
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰrak
Middle Chinese: khjaek
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tɯː
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ŋɯː
steal
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ˤet
Middle Chinese: tshet
mountain, peak
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ˤrok
Middle Chinese: ngaewk
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: prɯw
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sraŋʔ
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tʰjɯŋs
single
Old Chinese: *tek
Middle Chinese: tsyek
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kʰaːnʔ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kʰaːns
bald
Old Chinese: *[tʰ]ˤok
Middle Chinese: thuwk
slanting, oblique
Old Chinese: *[ts]rək
Middle Chinese: tsrik
clamor, many voices; arrogant
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ˤaw
Middle Chinese: ngaw
stingy
Old Chinese: *mə.rə[n]-s
Middle Chinese: linH
wicked(ness)
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤran
Middle Chinese: kaen
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: srɯb
burn (v.)
Old Chinese: *[b]u[n]
Middle Chinese: bjun
brilliant; wide awake
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤreŋʔ
Middle Chinese: keangX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: toːʔ
anxious look
Old Chinese: *C.qʷ(r)ak
Middle Chinese: kjwak
drive a chariot
Old Chinese: *[ŋ](r)a-s
Middle Chinese: ngjoH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qraː
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ked
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kʷoŋʔ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kʷad
Chinese acre
Old Chinese: *məʔ (< *mˤoʔ ?)
Middle Chinese: muwX
cave, pit
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤi[t]
Middle Chinese: hwet
bridle, halter
Old Chinese: *kraj
Middle Chinese: kje
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: meːnʔ
1pellet; ball
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤar
Middle Chinese: hwan
2烏丸 Wūhuán: Avars (W. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *ɦʷˤar (< *[ɢ]ʷˤar)
Middle Chinese: hwan
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kiː
rhinoceros (or water buffalo?)
Old Chinese: *[s.ɢ]ijʔ
Middle Chinese: zijX
(final particle)
Old Chinese: *gˤe
Middle Chinese: hej
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: njoŋʔ
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: suːb
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: soːb
law
Old Chinese: *[b]ro[n]-s
Middle Chinese: bjenH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pkʰaːlʔ
bark (v.)
Old Chinese: *Cə.bo[t]-s
Middle Chinese: bjojH
fault, blame (n.)
Old Chinese: *[g](r)uʔ
Middle Chinese: gjuwX
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: prɯʔ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: daː
earth (trigram or hexagram)
Old Chinese: *[kʰ]ˤu[n]
Middle Chinese: khwon
moat; canal
Old Chinese: *qʰˤak
Middle Chinese: xak
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qʰʷeːns
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qʰʷeŋs
early morning
Old Chinese: *[s]uk
Middle Chinese: sjuwk
consort; match
Old Chinese: *pʰ[ə][j]
Middle Chinese: phj+j
eldest, great
Old Chinese: *mˤraŋ-s
Middle Chinese: maengH
(place name)
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤuŋ-s
Middle Chinese: sowngH
servant
Old Chinese: *m-kʷˤ
Middle Chinese: hwaenH
rob; robber
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰˤ(r)o-s
Middle Chinese: khuwH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: shraːs
high
Old Chinese: *[s]uŋ
Middle Chinese: sjuwng
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tje
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: njɯb
1arrive
Old Chinese: *tˤ[i]wk
Middle Chinese: tek
2grieved; condole
Old Chinese: *tˤ[e]wk-s
Middle Chinese: tewH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: brɯd
ritual vase
Old Chinese: *[l][ə]j
Middle Chinese: yij
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: prɯn
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sqʰloːlʔ
Middle Chinese: sloːlʔ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sklol
Middle Chinese: ʔslol
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sɡlolʔ
Middle Chinese: zlolʔ
guard (v.)
Old Chinese: *[n̥]o-s
Middle Chinese: syuH
a kind of lance
Old Chinese: *kˤrik
Middle Chinese: keat
a kind of lance
Old Chinese: *[k]rak
Middle Chinese: kjaek
daytime
Old Chinese: *truk-s
Middle Chinese: trjuwH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sem
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: duːm
say
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷat
Middle Chinese: hjwot
apricot (tree)
Old Chinese: *C.[g]ˤraŋʔ
Middle Chinese: haengX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡrad
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ʔmeːwʔ
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: keːw
jujube
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤuʔ
Middle Chinese: tsawX
dense trees
Old Chinese: *s.rəm
Middle Chinese: srim
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ŋaːd
(name of a river)
Old Chinese: *m.nˤik
Middle Chinese: mek
to flap (sc. the ears)
Old Chinese: *[qʰ]ip
Middle Chinese: syip
1roast, broil
Old Chinese: *tAk-s
Middle Chinese: tsyaeH
2roast, broil
Old Chinese: *tAk
Middle Chinese: tsyek
harmonious
Old Chinese: *s.qʰˤ(r)ip
Middle Chinese: sep
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: shoːn
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: shoːns
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: zaŋ
window
Old Chinese: *[l]uʔ
Middle Chinese: yuwX
sharp-cutting
Old Chinese: *Nə-[tsʰ]rək
Middle Chinese: tsrhik
slip (v.)
Old Chinese: *[t-l]ri[t]-s
Middle Chinese: trijH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: koːnʔ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: koːns
reach to; and
Old Chinese: *m-rˤəp
Middle Chinese: dop
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ruːlʔ
calculate
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤorʔ-s
Middle Chinese: swanH
insect; proper name
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷ(r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: hjuX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ʔsraːɡ
hide; flee
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ˤo[n]-s
Middle Chinese: tshwanH
divine by Achillea stalks
Old Chinese: *[d][e][t]-s
Middle Chinese: dzyejH
grain (rice or millet) in husk
Old Chinese: *[s]ok
Middle Chinese: sjowk
generous, favorable
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷat
Middle Chinese: hjwot
cocoon
Old Chinese: *kˤ[e][n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: kenX
1covet, desire
Old Chinese: *s-N-qa[r]-s
Middle Chinese: zjenH
2surplus, affluence
Old Chinese: *s-[ɢ]a[n]-s
Middle Chinese: zjenH
3extend; go forward
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]a[n]
Middle Chinese: yen
soup
Old Chinese: *kˤraŋ
Middle Chinese: kaeng
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ruːls
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: rulʔ
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: lids
descendants
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ə[n]-s
Middle Chinese: yinH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ŋeːd
mow (v.)
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤr[a]m
Middle Chinese: sraem
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: maːŋʔ
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: maːŋʔ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: moːʔ
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: maːʔ
1spec. of plant
Old Chinese: *s.ŋat
Middle Chinese: sjet
2(place name)
Old Chinese: *s.ŋat
Middle Chinese: sjet
grass, fodder
Old Chinese: *Cə.tsˤə[r]-s
Middle Chinese: tsenH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ʔsreːms
蜾蠃 kwaX.lwaX a kind of wasp
Old Chinese: *rˤorʔ (*kˤorʔ.rˤorʔ, redup. infixation < *kˤorʔ ?)
Middle Chinese: lwaX
noxious vermin
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: kuX
fur garment
Old Chinese: *[g]ʷə
Middle Chinese: gjuw
go to visit
Old Chinese: *qat
Middle Chinese: 'jot
1luxuriant, abundant (K)
Old Chinese: *pʰ(r)oŋ
Middle Chinese: phjowng
2luxuriant, abundant (K)
Old Chinese: *pʰ(r)oŋ
Middle Chinese: phjowng
3a kind of ritual vessel
Old Chinese: *pʰ(r)oŋ
Middle Chinese: phjowng
4kind of ritual vessel
Old Chinese: *pʰ(r)oŋ (MC F!)
Middle Chinese: phjuwng
swine
Old Chinese: *l̥ajʔ
Middle Chinese: syeX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: rnaːnʔ
reins
Old Chinese: *pr[i][t]-s
Middle Chinese: pijH
thoroughfare
Old Chinese: *[g]ʷru
Middle Chinese: gwij
flee
Old Chinese: *[l]i[t]
Middle Chinese: yit
city, town
Old Chinese: *q(r)[ə]p
Middle Chinese: 'ip
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sŋaː
smear with blood
Old Chinese: *m̥rər-s
Middle Chinese: xinH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kljew
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kleːw
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sqʰroːn
narrow; base (adj.)
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤo-s
Middle Chinese: luwH
Allium
Old Chinese: *s.[k](r)uʔ
Middle Chinese: kjuwX
evening meal
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤu[r]
Middle Chinese: swon
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɢʷen
1salty (sc. land)
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: luX
2rustic, coarse
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: luX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qɯw
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: braːw
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰrawʔ
yellow
Old Chinese: *N-kʷˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: hwang
Panicum miliaceum, glutinous
Old Chinese: *s-tʰaʔ
Middle Chinese: syoX
one
Old Chinese: *ʔi[t]
Middle Chinese: 'jit
1stand on tiptoe
Old Chinese: *kʰeʔ
Middle Chinese: khjieX
2stand on tiptoe
Old Chinese: *kʰeʔ-s
Middle Chinese: khjieH
measure (v.)
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤew-s
Middle Chinese: lewH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: reːwʔ
calculate
Old Chinese: *kˤij-s
Middle Chinese: kejH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰaːd
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: baːd
carry on the back
Old Chinese: *[b]əʔ
Middle Chinese: bjuwX
fruit; full
Old Chinese: *mə.li[t]
Middle Chinese: zyit
set up
Old Chinese: *ŋ̊et
Middle Chinese: syet
go to
Old Chinese: *[dz]u[k]-s
Middle Chinese: dzjuwH
body; self
Old Chinese: *n̥i[ŋ]
Middle Chinese: syin
color; countenance
Old Chinese: *s.rək
Middle Chinese: srik
lift, rise
Old Chinese: *qʰ(r)əŋ
Middle Chinese: xing
eye
Old Chinese: *C.m(r)[u]k
Middle Chinese: mjuwk
a pair
Old Chinese: *[s]roŋ
Middle Chinese: sraewng
1down
Old Chinese: *gˤraʔ
Middle Chinese: haeX
2descend
Old Chinese: *m-gˤraʔ-s
Middle Chinese: haeH
hand
Old Chinese: *n̥uʔ
Middle Chinese: syuwX
1to open (v.i.)
Old Chinese: *Nə-[k]ʰˤəj
Middle Chinese: khoj
2to open (v.t.)
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰˤəj
Middle Chinese: khoj
intertwining
Old Chinese: *m-qˤaʔ-s
Middle Chinese: huH
horn, corner
Old Chinese: *C.[k]ˤrok
Middle Chinese: kaewk
water; river
Old Chinese: *s.turʔ (E dialect: *-r > *-j)
Middle Chinese: sywijX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: reːŋ
brightness
Old Chinese: *[r]aŋ-s
Middle Chinese: ljangH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: men
1rain
Old Chinese: *C.ɢʷ(r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: hjuX
2rain (v.t.)
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷ(r)aʔ-s
Middle Chinese: hjuH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: rnaːws
half; partial
Old Chinese: *pʰˤe[n]-s
Middle Chinese: phenH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: leb
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡleːd
escort (v.), send
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤoŋ-s
Middle Chinese: suwngH
to bend
Old Chinese: *kʰ(r)ok
Middle Chinese: khjowk
troubled
Old Chinese: *[b]a[n]
Middle Chinese: bjon
thigh
Old Chinese: *kʷˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: kuX
thick
Old Chinese: *Cə.[g]ˤ(r)oʔ
Middle Chinese: huwX
round granary
Old Chinese: *kʰrun
Middle Chinese: khwin
1twist a rope
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤak
Middle Chinese: sak
2search (v.)
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤak
Middle Chinese: sak
roof tile
Old Chinese: *C.ŋʷˤra[j]ʔ
Middle Chinese: ngwaeX
urine
Old Chinese: *kə.nˤewk-s
Middle Chinese: newH
oppose; disorder
Old Chinese: *kʷˤrəj
Middle Chinese: kweaj
crime, offense
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤujʔ
Middle Chinese: dzwojX
farmyard
Old Chinese: *[d]ra[n]
Middle Chinese: drjen
join, unite
Old Chinese: *m-rˤəp
Middle Chinese: dop
1three
Old Chinese: *s.rum (*s.r- > s-; infl. by 四 *s-?)
Middle Chinese: sam
2three times
Old Chinese: *s.r[u]m-s (*s.r- > *s-, infl. by 四 *s-?)
Middle Chinese: samH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tʰaːw
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tʰaːws
six
Old Chinese: *k.ruk
Middle Chinese: ljuwk
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: suːʔ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: suːs
strife, quarrel
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤreŋ (~ *m-tsˤreŋ or *mə-tsˤreŋ)
Middle Chinese: tsreang
cinnabar
Old Chinese: *tˤan
Middle Chinese: tan
container, box (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *paŋ
Middle Chinese: pjang
gruel
Old Chinese: *t-quk
Middle Chinese: tsyuwk
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: zroːwɢ
helmet, hood
Old Chinese: *tˤo
Middle Chinese: tuw
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qriːw
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qriːb
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: nuːns
male
Old Chinese: *m(r)uʔ
Middle Chinese: muwX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: njoŋ
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: zonʔ
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tʰɯːnʔ
1strong
Old Chinese: *N-kaŋ
Middle Chinese: gjang
2make an effort
Old Chinese: *m-kaŋʔ
Middle Chinese: gjangX
1ascend
Old Chinese: *Cə-daŋʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyangX
2to put up
Old Chinese: *m-daŋʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyangX
3top, above (n.)
Old Chinese: *daŋʔ-s
Middle Chinese: dzyangH
1good
Old Chinese: *qʰˤuʔ
Middle Chinese: xawX
2love, like (v.)
Old Chinese: *qʰˤuʔ-s
Middle Chinese: xawH
1to watch, guard
Old Chinese: *kʰˤa[r]
Middle Chinese: khan
2gaze at
Old Chinese: *[kʰ]ˤa[r]-s
Middle Chinese: khanH
1quiver (n.)
Old Chinese: *[b]ək
Middle Chinese: bjuwk
2garment; wear (v.)
Old Chinese: *[b]ək
Middle Chinese: bjuwk
3subdue, submit
Old Chinese: *[b]ək
Middle Chinese: bjuwk
4box of a carriage
Old Chinese: *[b]əʔ
Middle Chinese: bjuwX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tʰjɯŋ
inspect
Old Chinese: *[s]eŋʔ
Middle Chinese: sjengX
command, call (n.)
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤaw-s
Middle Chinese: hawH
one of a pair
Old Chinese: *pʰi[t]
Middle Chinese: phjit
sparrow
Old Chinese: *[ts]ewk
Middle Chinese: tsjak
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qʰʷraːl
1tortoise
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷə
Middle Chinese: kjuw
2tortoise
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷrə
Middle Chinese: kwij
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ʔsraː
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: zraː
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: zraː
Middle Chinese: zreː
obtain
Old Chinese: *tˤək
Middle Chinese: tok
manipulate, play with
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤoŋ-s
Middle Chinese: luwngH
1slope, river bank
Old Chinese: *qˤa[j]
Middle Chinese: 'a
2阿會亘 ēhuìxuān: Skt. ābhāsvara “shining” (E. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *ʔˤa (< *qˤaj)
Middle Chinese: 'a
The characters in these groups have no pronunciations based on ancient Chinese.
These groups have only a single pronunciation shared by all characters in the group, making them the easiest to learn and remember.
may; acceptable
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰˤa[j]ʔ
Middle Chinese: khaX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pruː
cross (v.)
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤraw
Middle Chinese: kaew
criminals accusing one another (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *prenʔ
Middle Chinese: pjenX
give
Old Chinese: *p(r)o-s
Middle Chinese: pjuH
superintend
Old Chinese: *s-lə
Middle Chinese: si
yes, agree; satisfied, at ease
Old Chinese: *lo
Middle Chinese: yu
cut meat from the bone
Old Chinese: *kʷˤrajʔ
Middle Chinese: kwaeX
中冓 inner chamber
Old Chinese: *kˤ(r)o-s
Middle Chinese: kuwH
1pungent; painful
Old Chinese: *[s]i[n]
Middle Chinese: sin
28th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *si[n]
Middle Chinese: sin
official (n.)
Old Chinese: *kʷˤa[n]
Middle Chinese: kwan
1leather
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷə[j]
Middle Chinese: hjw+j
2go against
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷə[j]
Middle Chinese: hjw+j
return
Old Chinese: *m-p(r)uk
Middle Chinese: bjuwk
1gather, pluck
Old Chinese: *s.r̥ˤəʔ
Middle Chinese: tshojX
2colorful
Old Chinese: *s.r̥ˤəʔ
Middle Chinese: tshojX
5th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[d]ər
Middle Chinese: dzyin
all
Old Chinese: *kˤrij
Middle Chinese: keaj
hemp
Old Chinese: *C.mˤraj
Middle Chinese: mae
1(respectful suffix in male names)
Old Chinese: *p(r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: pjuX
2father
Old Chinese: *[N-p](r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: bjuX
1Western tribes
Old Chinese: *tˤij
Middle Chinese: tej
2bottom
Old Chinese: *tˤijʔ
Middle Chinese: tejX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: saːws
burnt offering
Old Chinese: *[r][a]w-s
Middle Chinese: ljewH
1remove
Old Chinese: *s-naŋ
Middle Chinese: sjang
2Xiāng (personal name)
Old Chinese: *s-naŋ
Middle Chinese: sjang
press between
Old Chinese: *kˤ
Middle Chinese: keap
seek
Old Chinese: *[g](r)u
Middle Chinese: gjuw
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ʔslɯː
1small; almost
Old Chinese: *kəj
Middle Chinese: kj+j
2few; how many
Old Chinese: *kəjʔ
Middle Chinese: kj+jX
1replenish
Old Chinese: *[ts]ok-s
Middle Chinese: tsjuH
2sufficient
Old Chinese: *[ts]ok
Middle Chinese: tsjowk
3foot
Old Chinese: *[ts]ok
Middle Chinese: tsjowk
1go to
Old Chinese: *tə
Middle Chinese: tsyi
2(3p object pronoun; attributive particle)
Old Chinese: *tə
Middle Chinese: tsyi
1(morning) audience at court
Old Chinese: *m-t
Middle Chinese: drjew
2morning
Old Chinese: *t
Middle Chinese: trjew
courtyard
Old Chinese: *lˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: deng
brilliant; distinctive mark; to display
Old Chinese: *taŋ
Middle Chinese: tsyang
leaping flames (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *pʰew
Middle Chinese: phjiew
with united forces
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤep
Middle Chinese: hep
five
Old Chinese: *C.ŋˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: nguX
east
Old Chinese: *tˤoŋ (< *tˤoŋʔ ?)
Middle Chinese: tuwng
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡaʔ
1long (adj.)
Old Chinese: *Cə-[N]-traŋ
Middle Chinese: drjang
2grow; elder
Old Chinese: *traŋʔ
Middle Chinese: trjangX
long (time)
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷraŋʔ
Middle Chinese: hjwaengX
dark
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤi[n]
Middle Chinese: hwen
foot; stop
Old Chinese: *təʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyiX
feudal lord
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤ(r)o
Middle Chinese: huw
spring, source
Old Chinese: *s-N-ɢʷar (MC I!)
Middle Chinese: dzjwen
lift high
Old Chinese: *k-ŋˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: kang
sharp; profit
Old Chinese: *C.ri[t]-s
Middle Chinese: lijH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰoms
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: bom
flat and thin
Old Chinese: *pˤe[r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: penX
1left (side)
Old Chinese: *tsˤa[j]ʔ
Middle Chinese: tsaX
2assist
Old Chinese: *tsˤa[j]ʔ
Middle Chinese: tsaX
3assist
Old Chinese: *tsˤarʔ-s
Middle Chinese: tsaH
sprout (n.)
Old Chinese: *m(r)aw
Middle Chinese: mjew
come together; pair
Old Chinese: *N-tsˤu
Middle Chinese: dzaw
invade
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ][i]m
Middle Chinese: tshim
destroy; worn out
Old Chinese: *[b]e[t]-s
Middle Chinese: bjiejH
good
Old Chinese: *[g]e[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyenX
stool
Old Chinese: *C.kr[ə]jʔ
Middle Chinese: kijX
armour; scale of animals
Old Chinese: *kˤr[e]p-s
Middle Chinese: keajH
turn around, return
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤ
Middle Chinese: hwaen
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡluːwɢ
heart
Old Chinese: *səm
Middle Chinese: sim
1first
Old Chinese: *sˤər
Middle Chinese: sen
2go first
Old Chinese: *sˤər-s
Middle Chinese: senH
1heaven
Old Chinese: *l̥ˤi[n]
Middle Chinese: then
2heaven
Old Chinese: *l̥ˤi[n] (W dialect: l̥ˤ- > Hàn-time *xˤ- > MC x-)
Middle Chinese: xen
hawk, falcon
Old Chinese: *[s]urʔ
Middle Chinese: swinX
1shoot; archer
Old Chinese: *Cə.lAk-s
Middle Chinese: zyaeH
2hit with bow and arrow
Old Chinese: *Cə.lAk
Middle Chinese: zyek
buy
Old Chinese: *mˤrajʔ
Middle Chinese: meaX
1peace(ful)
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]ˤa[n]
Middle Chinese: 'an
2how
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]ˤa[n]
Middle Chinese: 'an
3安息 Ānxī (Iranian country in the western regions, W. Hàn; from Aršaka = Arsaces, founder of the Arsacid dynasty)
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]ˤa[n]
Middle Chinese: 'an
garrulous
Old Chinese: *[t]am
Middle Chinese: tsyem
sunrise (Shuowen)
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤar-s
Middle Chinese: kanH
1distant
Old Chinese: *mˤa[n]-s
Middle Chinese: manH
2extended, long
Old Chinese: *ma[n]-s
Middle Chinese: mjonH
plant leaves
Old Chinese: *tˤrak
Middle Chinese: traek
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qʰʷaːns
to love; to grudge (< ‘draw close to oneself’?)
Old Chinese: *[q]ˤə[p]-s
Middle Chinese: 'ojH
cut out, prepare
Old Chinese: *tet-s
Middle Chinese: tsyejH
1委蛇 compliant, complaisant
Old Chinese: *q(r)oj
Middle Chinese: 'jwe
2entrust to
Old Chinese: *q(r)ojʔ
Middle Chinese: 'jweX
3collect; store
Old Chinese: *q(r)ojʔ
Middle Chinese: 'jweX
4bend; hang down
Old Chinese: *q(r)orʔ
Middle Chinese: 'jweX
bind; bundle
Old Chinese: *s-tʰok
Middle Chinese: syowk
people
Old Chinese: *mi[ŋ]
Middle Chinese: mjin
exterior
Old Chinese: *p(r)awʔ
Middle Chinese: pjewX
receive
Old Chinese: *[d]uʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyuwX
a high number
Old Chinese: *[ts][i]jʔ
Middle Chinese: tsijX
examine
Old Chinese: *trəŋ
Middle Chinese: tring
clan
Old Chinese: *k.deʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyeX
face
Old Chinese: *C.me[n]-s
Middle Chinese: mjienH
grief, grieved
Old Chinese: *ʔ(r)u
Middle Chinese: 'juw
1spend the night
Old Chinese: *[s]uk
Middle Chinese: sjuwk
2"mansion" of the zodiac (where the moon is found on successive nights)
Old Chinese: *[s]uk-s
Middle Chinese: sjuwH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: l'ud
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɦljud
bind (v.)
Old Chinese: *[m]-kˤek-s
Middle Chinese: hejH
depend on
Old Chinese: *rˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: lajH
1tshang-kaeng 'oriole'
Old Chinese: *[s.r̥]ˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: tshang
2granary
Old Chinese: *tsʰˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: tshang
be on guard
Old Chinese: *kˤrək-s (~ kˤrək)
Middle Chinese: keajH
girdle, strap
Old Chinese: *C.tˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: tajH
two
Old Chinese: *ni[j]-s
Middle Chinese: nyijH
11/10th of a dǒu 斗
Old Chinese: *s-təŋ
Middle Chinese: sying
2rise (v.)
Old Chinese: *s-təŋ
Middle Chinese: sying
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡruːl
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡruːl
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: nuːʔ
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: koːn
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: koːns
agriculture; to farm
Old Chinese: *nˤ[o]ŋ
Middle Chinese: nowng
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: muːɡs
elbow
Old Chinese: *t-[k]
Middle Chinese: trjuwX
elder brother
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤu[n]
Middle Chinese: kwon
important
Old Chinese: *[q]ew(k)-s
Middle Chinese: 'jiewH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: shroːŋ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: shloːŋ
old man
Old Chinese: *s-ruʔ (dialect: > *sruʔ > MC srjuwX > sruwX > suwX)
Middle Chinese: suwX
melon, gourd
Old Chinese: *kʷˤra
Middle Chinese: kwae
1sit
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤo[j]ʔ
Middle Chinese: dzwaX
2to set
Old Chinese: *m-[dz]ˤo[j]ʔ
Middle Chinese: dzwaX
3seat n.
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤo[j]ʔ-s
Middle Chinese: dzwaH
shield
Old Chinese: *lˤu[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: dwonX
deer
Old Chinese: *mə-rˤok
Middle Chinese: luwk
high, tall
Old Chinese: *[N-k](r)aw
Middle Chinese: gjew
1ride (v.)
Old Chinese: *Cə.ləŋ
Middle Chinese: zying
2vehicle
Old Chinese: *Cə.ləŋ-s
Middle Chinese: zyingH
3team of four horses
Old Chinese: *Cə.ləŋ-s
Middle Chinese: zyingH
islet in stream; province
Old Chinese: *tu
Middle Chinese: tsyuw
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: reːɡ
1why, what
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤe (dial. for 何 *[g]ˤaj?)
Middle Chinese: hej
2slave, servant
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤe
Middle Chinese: hej
1penetrate
Old Chinese: *m-[tʰ]ret
Middle Chinese: drjet
2divide land acc. to a certain share system
Old Chinese: *m-tʰret
Middle Chinese: drjet
3divide land acc. to a certain share system
Old Chinese: *tʰret
Middle Chinese: trhjet
4penetrate
Old Chinese: *tʰret
Middle Chinese: trhjet
wait
Old Chinese: *s-no
Middle Chinese: sju
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: lu
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: lum
mortar
Old Chinese: *C.[g]ʷəʔ
Middle Chinese: gjuwX
1burn, scorch
Old Chinese: *S.tew
Middle Chinese: tsjew
2Jiao (place name)
Old Chinese: *S.tew
Middle Chinese: tsjew
who
Old Chinese: *[d]uk
Middle Chinese: dzyuwk
filial
Old Chinese: *qʰˤ
Middle Chinese: xaewH
1blow (v.)
Old Chinese: *tʰo[r]
Middle Chinese: tsyhwe
2musical concert
Old Chinese: *tʰo[r]-s
Middle Chinese: tsyhweH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰaːʔ
sickness
Old Chinese: *[dz]i[t]
Middle Chinese: dzit
horse
Old Chinese: *mˤraʔ
Middle Chinese: maeX
this
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]e(j)ʔ
Middle Chinese: tshjeX
sing; song
Old Chinese: *law
Middle Chinese: yew
mountain demon
Old Chinese: *r̥aj
Middle Chinese: trhje
autumn; crop
Old Chinese: *tsʰiw
Middle Chinese: tshjuw
1domesticated animals
Old Chinese: *qʰ
Middle Chinese: trhjuwH
2store (v.)
Old Chinese: *qʰ
Middle Chinese: trhjuwk
3domestic animal
Old Chinese: *qʰuk-s
Middle Chinese: xjuwH
4nourish
Old Chinese: *qʰuk
Middle Chinese: xjuwk
grandchild; descendant
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤu[n]
Middle Chinese: swon
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: boːɡ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: puɡ
1straight; correct
Old Chinese: *treŋ
Middle Chinese: trjeng
2divine (v.)
Old Chinese: *treŋ
Middle Chinese: trjeng
unlucky
Old Chinese: *qʰ(r)oŋ
Middle Chinese: xjowng
guest
Old Chinese: *pi[n]
Middle Chinese: pjin
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: quds
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qud
cut; strike; attack
Old Chinese: *m-pat
Middle Chinese: bjot
varnish
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]i[t]
Middle Chinese: tshit
1low, humble
Old Chinese: *pe
Middle Chinese: pjie
2鮮卑 *s[a]r.pe Xiānbēi
Old Chinese: *pe
Middle Chinese: pjie
divide, distribute
Old Chinese: *pˤ
Middle Chinese: paen
These groups contain only 1 exceptional character pronunciation.
1odd (number)
Old Chinese: *[k](r)aj
Middle Chinese: kje
2strange
Old Chinese: *N-k(r)aj
Middle Chinese: gje
all; many
Old Chinese: *s.qʰ[a]m (dialect: *s.qʰ > MC tsh-)
Middle Chinese: tshjem
1center
Old Chinese: *truŋ
Middle Chinese: trjuwng
2hit the center
Old Chinese: *truŋ-s
Middle Chinese: trjuwngH
together, join
Old Chinese: *lˤoŋ
Middle Chinese: duwng
reach to
Old Chinese: *[m-k-]rəp
Middle Chinese: gip
1disappear
Old Chinese: *[s]ew
Middle Chinese: sjew
2resemble
Old Chinese: *[s]ew-s
Middle Chinese: sjewH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰɯʔ
Middle Chinese: pʰuʔ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰl'oːs
Middle Chinese: tʰoːs
rely on
Old Chinese: *ʔi[n]
Middle Chinese: 'jin
thought (n.)
Old Chinese: *ʔ(r)ək-s
Middle Chinese: 'iH
transform
Old Chinese: *qʷʰˤ
Middle Chinese: xwaeH
fruit; result
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤo[r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: kwaX
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ŋo
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ŋos
1dwarf
Old Chinese: *to
Middle Chinese: tsyu
2red
Old Chinese: *to
Middle Chinese: tsyu
tear apart; rank
Old Chinese: *[r][e]t
Middle Chinese: ljet
1then
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤək
Middle Chinese: tsok
2rule, pattern
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤək
Middle Chinese: tsok
1inner coffin
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤek
Middle Chinese: bek
2law, rule; lawful
Old Chinese: *[N]-pek
Middle Chinese: bjiek
3ruler, prince
Old Chinese: *pek
Middle Chinese: pjiek
12th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤəʔ
Middle Chinese: hojX
1combine two things
Old Chinese: *peŋ
Middle Chinese: pjieng
2combine two things
Old Chinese: *peŋ-s
Middle Chinese: pjiengH
run (v.)
Old Chinese: *pˤur
Middle Chinese: pwon
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: klaːŋ
high, tall
Old Chinese: *Cə.[k]ˤaw
Middle Chinese: kaw
axe; catty
Old Chinese: *[k]ər
Middle Chinese: kj+n
1end (v.)
Old Chinese: *ʔaŋ
Middle Chinese: 'jang
2center (n.)
Old Chinese: *ʔaŋ
Middle Chinese: 'jang
add
Old Chinese: *kˤraj
Middle Chinese: kae
household
Old Chinese: *kˤra
Middle Chinese: kae
all; everywhere
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤr[ə]m
Middle Chinese: heam
set up, establish
Old Chinese: *[k]a[n]-s
Middle Chinese: kjonH
1announce, inform
Old Chinese: *kˤuk-s
Middle Chinese: kawH
2announce, inform
Old Chinese: *kˤuk
Middle Chinese: kowk
long robe
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷa[n]
Middle Chinese: hjwon
complete (adj.)
Old Chinese: *[dz]o[n]
Middle Chinese: dzjwen
divide, make a breach
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷˤret-s
Middle Chinese: kwaejH
a vein of water (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *k.lˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: keng
dazzle
Old Chinese: *[N]-qʷˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: hweng
forest
Old Chinese: *[r]əm
Middle Chinese: lim
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: praːn
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: paːn
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: baːn
to manifest
Old Chinese: *lreŋ
Middle Chinese: drjeng
edge of a blade
Old Chinese: *nə[n]-s
Middle Chinese: nyinH
foot
Old Chinese: *sra
Middle Chinese: srjo
catch, get
Old Chinese: *m-qʷˤrak
Middle Chinese: hweak
1time, season
Old Chinese: *[g]rə[r]
Middle Chinese: gin
2(a kind of vegetable)
Old Chinese: *kə[r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: kj+nX
3clay
Old Chinese: *[g]rə[r]
Middle Chinese: gin
give
Old Chinese: *m-q(r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: yoX
respectful
Old Chinese: *kreŋ(ʔ)-s
Middle Chinese: kjaengH
1excessive, very
Old Chinese: *[t.ɢ][ə]mʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyimX
2excessive
Old Chinese: *[t.ɢ][ə]mʔ-s
Middle Chinese: dzyimH
1spring, source; origin
Old Chinese: *N-ɢʷar
Middle Chinese: ngjwon
2high plain (n.)
Old Chinese: *N-ɢʷar
Middle Chinese: ngjwon
full, fill
Old Chinese: *tʰuŋ
Middle Chinese: tsyhuwng
hang down
Old Chinese: *[d]o[j]
Middle Chinese: dzywe
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: run
lord; ruler
Old Chinese: *C.qur
Middle Chinese: kjun
gate, door
Old Chinese: *mˤə[r]
Middle Chinese: mwon
sage (n.)
Old Chinese: *l̥eŋ-s
Middle Chinese: syengH
bamboo
Old Chinese: *truk
Middle Chinese: trjuwk
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kɯds
1compare
Old Chinese: *C.pijʔ
Middle Chinese: pjijX
2combine; all
Old Chinese: *pij-s
Middle Chinese: pjijH
select, distinguish
Old Chinese: *kˤr[a]nʔ
Middle Chinese: keanX
9th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *n[ə]m
Middle Chinese: nyim
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ruːl
cut off
Old Chinese: *[ts]ramʔ
Middle Chinese: tsreamX
7th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *kˤraŋ
Middle Chinese: kaeng
divine (v.)
Old Chinese: *pˤok
Middle Chinese: puwk
go along (a river); follow
Old Chinese: *lon
Middle Chinese: ywen
1ear
Old Chinese: *C.nəʔ
Middle Chinese: nyiX
2=而已 “that’s all”
Old Chinese: *nəʔ
Middle Chinese: nyiX
1district
Old Chinese: *Cə.[g]ʷˤe[n]-s
Middle Chinese: hwenH
2suspend
Old Chinese: *[g]ʷˤe[n]
Middle Chinese: hwen
1not have
Old Chinese: *ma
Middle Chinese: mju
2volitional prefix
Old Chinese: *ma
Middle Chinese: mju
3don’t
Old Chinese: *mo
Middle Chinese: mju
1show (v.)
Old Chinese: *s-gijʔ-s
Middle Chinese: zyijH
2put (= 寘)
Old Chinese: *ke-s
Middle Chinese: tsyeH
bright
Old Chinese: *mraŋ
Middle Chinese: mjaeng
(inhaled thing:) breath, air, vapors
Old Chinese: *C.qʰəp-s
Middle Chinese: khj+jH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: njen
elder brother
Old Chinese: *m̥raŋ
Middle Chinese: xjwaeng
name
Old Chinese: *C.meŋ
Middle Chinese: mjieng
early
Old Chinese: *Nə.tsˤuʔ
Middle Chinese: tsawX
1man
Old Chinese: *p(r)a
Middle Chinese: pju
2this, that
Old Chinese: *[b]a
Middle Chinese: bju
3final particle
Old Chinese: *ba
Middle Chinese: bju
1eat
Old Chinese: *mə-lək
Middle Chinese: zyik
2feed (v.)
Old Chinese: *s-m-lək-s
Middle Chinese: ziH
end of a branch
Old Chinese: *mˤat
Middle Chinese: mat
elephant
Old Chinese: *s.[d]aŋʔ
Middle Chinese: zjangX
only
Old Chinese: *ɢʷij (< *ɢʷuj?)
Middle Chinese: ywij
officer; gentleman
Old Chinese: *[m-s-]rəʔ
Middle Chinese: dzriX
go to
Old Chinese: *[dz]u[k]-s
Middle Chinese: dzjuwH
metal, bronze
Old Chinese: *k(r)[ə]m
Middle Chinese: kim
1accumulate
Old Chinese: r̥ˤəʔ
Middle Chinese: tshom
2參差 tsrhim.tsrhje uneven
Old Chinese: *[tsʰr][u]m
Middle Chinese: tsrhim
3three
Old Chinese: *s.rum (*s.r- > s-; infl. by 四 *s-?)
Middle Chinese: sam
4the constellation Orion’ (named for the three stars in Orion’s belt)
Old Chinese: *srum (should be *s.rum)
Middle Chinese: srim
flow (v.)
Old Chinese: *ru
Middle Chinese: ljuw
1violent
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤawk-s
Middle Chinese: bawH
2expose to sun
Old Chinese: *m-pˤawk
Middle Chinese: buwk
borrow
Old Chinese: *Cə.kˤraʔ
Middle Chinese: kaeX
1village; district
Old Chinese: *qʰaŋ
Middle Chinese: xjang
2feast
Old Chinese: *qʰaŋʔ
Middle Chinese: xjangX
3to face
Old Chinese: *qʰaŋ-s
Middle Chinese: xjangH
1keep, guard
Old Chinese: *s-tuʔ
Middle Chinese: syuwX
2territory in somebody's guard, fief
Old Chinese: *s.tuʔ-s
Middle Chinese: syuwH
sand
Old Chinese: *sˤraj
Middle Chinese: srae
(place and family name)
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰrak
Middle Chinese: khjaek
fish (n.)
Old Chinese: *[r.ŋ]a
Middle Chinese: ngjo
tablet, records
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ](ˤ)rek
Middle Chinese: tsrheak
end, in the end
Old Chinese: *[k]raŋʔ-s
Middle Chinese: kjaengH
1measure (v.)
Old Chinese: *[r]aŋ
Middle Chinese: ljang
2measure (n.)
Old Chinese: *[r]aŋ-s
Middle Chinese: ljangH
hair
Old Chinese: *C.mˤaw
Middle Chinese: maw
These groups have at least 4 characters and only 2 pronunciations.
we, I
Old Chinese: *ŋˤajʔ
Middle Chinese: ngaX
1lodge (v.)
Old Chinese: *[s-n̥]i[j]-s
Middle Chinese: tshijH
2put in order; second
Old Chinese: *[s-n̥]i[j]-s
Middle Chinese: tshijH
is not
Old Chinese: *pəj
Middle Chinese: pj+j
great number
Old Chinese: *lr[a]wʔ
Middle Chinese: drjewX
1not yet
Old Chinese: *m[ə]t-s
Middle Chinese: mj+jH
28th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *m[ə]t-s
Middle Chinese: mj+jH
fine-tasting
Old Chinese: *kijʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyijX
sheep
Old Chinese: *ɢaŋ
Middle Chinese: yang
suddenly
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤrak-s
Middle Chinese: dzraeH
1Zhōu (dynasty and place)
Old Chinese: *tiw
Middle Chinese: tsyuw
2cycle; all around
Old Chinese: *tiw
Middle Chinese: tsyuw
1to become (v.i.)
Old Chinese: *[d]eŋ
Middle Chinese: dzyeng
2to complete (tr. v)
Old Chinese: *m-[d]eŋ
Middle Chinese: dzyeng
talent, ability
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤə
Middle Chinese: dzoj
1sacrifice
Old Chinese: *[ts]et-s
Middle Chinese: tsjejH
2(name of a state)
Old Chinese: *[ts](ˤ)re[t]-s
Middle Chinese: tsreajH
half
Old Chinese: *pˤan-s
Middle Chinese: panH
1curved
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤ(r)o
Middle Chinese: kuw
2loan for 彀 draw a bow to the full
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤ(r)ok-s
Middle Chinese: kuwH
3phrase
Old Chinese: *[k](r)o-s
Middle Chinese: kjuH
destroy
Old Chinese: *lˤojʔ
Middle Chinese: dwaX
These groups have at least 4 characters and only 3 pronunciations.
1square
Old Chinese: *C-paŋ
Middle Chinese: pjang
2method
Old Chinese: *paŋ
Middle Chinese: pjang
3just, then
Old Chinese: *paŋ
Middle Chinese: pjang
knife
Old Chinese: *C.tˤaw
Middle Chinese: taw
God
Old Chinese: *tˤek-s
Middle Chinese: tejH
skin
Old Chinese: *m-[p](r)aj
Middle Chinese: bje
1inspect
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤram
Middle Chinese: kaem
2mirror
Old Chinese: *kˤram-s
Middle Chinese: kaemH
14th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *tˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: teng
2nail (n.)
Old Chinese: *tˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: teng
3sound of beating
Old Chinese: *tˤreŋ
Middle Chinese: treang
1pole
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤar
Middle Chinese: kan
2shield (n.)
Old Chinese: *kˤa[r]
Middle Chinese: kan
3piece, item
Old Chinese: *kˤar
Middle Chinese: kan
4(placename)
Old Chinese: *kˤar
Middle Chinese: kan
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰoŋ
3d heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *praŋʔ
Middle Chinese: pjaengX
1modal particle
Old Chinese: *gə
Middle Chinese: gi
2(3p possessive)
Old Chinese: *gə
Middle Chinese: gi
1support, hold up
Old Chinese: *ke
Middle Chinese: tsye
2branch (of tree), limb
Old Chinese: *ke
Middle Chinese: tsye
1(adverb indicating past time)
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤəŋ
Middle Chinese: dzong
2remote (ancestor)
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤəŋ
Middle Chinese: tsong
kill; cruel
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤa[n]
Middle Chinese: dzan
what
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤat
Middle Chinese: hat
necessarily
Old Chinese: *pi[t]
Middle Chinese: pjit
jade scepter
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷˤe
Middle Chinese: kwej
together, all
Old Chinese: *N-k(r)oŋʔ-s
Middle Chinese: gjowngH
(a measure)
Old Chinese: *qˤ(r)o
Middle Chinese: 'uw
combine; at the same time
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤem
Middle Chinese: kem
also, in addition
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷəʔ-s
Middle Chinese: hjuwH
16th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *k(r)əʔ
Middle Chinese: kiX
2self
Old Chinese: *k(r)əʔ
Middle Chinese: kiX
li (measure of distance); village
Old Chinese: *(mə.)rəʔ
Middle Chinese: liX
9th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *l̥i[n]
Middle Chinese: syin
heron
Old Chinese: *C.qʷˤar-s
Middle Chinese: kwanH
small
Old Chinese: *[s]ewʔ
Middle Chinese: sjewX
I, we, our
Old Chinese: *lrəmʔ
Middle Chinese: drimX
ornate
Old Chinese: *mə[n]
Middle Chinese: mjun
1mutually
Old Chinese: *[s]aŋ
Middle Chinese: sjang
2appearance, quality
Old Chinese: *[s]aŋ-s
Middle Chinese: sjangH
4th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *mˤruʔ
Middle Chinese: maewX
1take
Old Chinese: *tsʰˤoʔ
Middle Chinese: tshuwX
2take
Old Chinese: *tsʰoʔ
Middle Chinese: tshjuX
3take (a wife)
Old Chinese: *[ts]ʰoʔ-s
Middle Chinese: tshjuH
this
Old Chinese: *[d]eʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyeX
there, then, thereupon
Old Chinese: *ɢʷa[n]
Middle Chinese: hjwon
1impartial, just; public
Old Chinese: *C.qˤoŋ
Middle Chinese: kuwng
2father; prince
Old Chinese: *C.qˤoŋ
Middle Chinese: kuwng
to sob
Old Chinese: *C.qʰˤuʔ (Shuōwén; no pre-Qín exx.)
Middle Chinese: khawX
army; camp
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷər
Middle Chinese: kjun
tooth
Old Chinese: *m-ɢˤ
Middle Chinese: ngae
doubt
Old Chinese: *[ŋ](r)ə (< uvular)
Middle Chinese: ngi
a kind of lance
Old Chinese: *m(r)u
Middle Chinese: mjuw
1go; at
Old Chinese: *ɢʷ(r)a
Middle Chinese: hju
2單于 chányú: Xiōngnú ruler (W. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *ɦʷa (< *ɢʷ(r)a)
Middle Chinese: hju
1king
Old Chinese: *ɢʷaŋ
Middle Chinese: hjwang
2be king
Old Chinese: *ɢʷaŋ-s
Middle Chinese: hjwangH
fullness
Old Chinese: *[b]ək
Middle Chinese: bjuwk
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ʔljin
Middle Chinese: tjin
1be hurt (v.i.); injury (n.)
Old Chinese: *N-kˤat-s
Middle Chinese: hajH
2hurt (v.t.)
Old Chinese: *m-kˤat-s
Middle Chinese: hajH
delicate, slender
Old Chinese: *[ʔ](r)aw
Middle Chinese: 'jew
1I, we
Old Chinese: *laʔ
Middle Chinese: yo
2give; together with
Old Chinese: *laʔ
Middle Chinese: yoX
stream, river
Old Chinese: *t.l̥u[n] (MC -jwen is irregular)
Middle Chinese: tsyhwen
1(negation)
Old Chinese: *p[u]t
Middle Chinese: pjut
2gust of wind
Old Chinese: *put
Middle Chinese: pjut
3writing brush (pron. in Yān 燕, ap. Shuōwén, E. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *put
Middle Chinese: pjut
a kind of bird
Old Chinese: *tur
Middle Chinese: tsywij
1solitary standing (sc. tree)
Old Chinese: *[d]ˤet-s
Middle Chinese: dejH
2bend (v.i.)
Old Chinese: *N-tet
Middle Chinese: dzyet
3bend; break (v.t.)
Old Chinese: *tet
Middle Chinese: tsyet
1uniform, equal
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤəj
Middle Chinese: dzej
2Qí (place name)
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤəj
Middle Chinese: dzej
1finish, die
Old Chinese: *[ts]ut
Middle Chinese: tswit
2soldier
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤut
Middle Chinese: tswot
These groups have at least 4 characters and share at least 1 pronunciation among all the contained characters.
1bear, be born; live
Old Chinese: *sreŋ (MC srj- > sr-; or *s.reŋ ?)
Middle Chinese: sraeng
2fresh, raw
Old Chinese: *sreŋ
Middle Chinese: sraeng
3bear, be born; live
Old Chinese: *sreŋ (or *s.reŋ ?)
Middle Chinese: srjaeng
(nominalizing particle)
Old Chinese: *tAʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyaeX
ancient
Old Chinese: *kˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: kuX
each
Old Chinese: *kˤak
Middle Chinese: kak
1officer
Old Chinese: *kˤoŋ
Middle Chinese: kuwng
2work
Old Chinese: *kˤoŋ
Middle Chinese: kuwng
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: braːn
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: zaŋ
flee; disappear; die
Old Chinese: *maŋ
Middle Chinese: mjang
1sg., prob. a polite form
Old Chinese: *la
Middle Chinese: yo
tiger
Old Chinese: *qʰˤra (dialect *qˤʰr- >r̥ˤ- > x-)
Middle Chinese: xu
1begin
Old Chinese: *p(r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: pjuX
2great
Old Chinese: *praʔ
Middle Chinese: pjuX
1repeat; double
Old Chinese: *[m]-troŋ
Middle Chinese: drjowng
2heavy
Old Chinese: *N-t
Middle Chinese: drjowngX
3weight (n.)
Old Chinese: *N-t
Middle Chinese: drjowngH
1[final particle]
Old Chinese: *tsa
Middle Chinese: tsjo
2moreover
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]Aʔ
Middle Chinese: tshjaeX
1there is no X such that X …
Old Chinese: *mˤak
Middle Chinese: mak
2deliberate (v.) (loan)
Old Chinese: *mˤak
Middle Chinese: mak
1upwards
Old Chinese: *[d]aŋ-s
Middle Chinese: dzyangH
2still, yet
Old Chinese: *[d]aŋ-s
Middle Chinese: dzyangH
11st (month)
Old Chinese: *C.teŋ
Middle Chinese: tsyeng
2correct (adj., v.)
Old Chinese: *teŋ-s
Middle Chinese: tsyengH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kɯːns
hall
Old Chinese: *s-[d]əʔ-s
Middle Chinese: ziH
1dignified, grand
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤranʔ
Middle Chinese: baenX
2reverse (v.)
Old Chinese: *Cə.panʔ
Middle Chinese: pjonX
now
Old Chinese: *[k]r[ə]m
Middle Chinese: kim
use (v.)
Old Chinese: *loŋ-s
Middle Chinese: yowngH
sharp point, thorn
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ek-s
Middle Chinese: tshjeH
valley
Old Chinese: *C.qˤok
Middle Chinese: kuwk
white
Old Chinese: *bˤrak
Middle Chinese: baek
bright
Old Chinese: *laŋ
Middle Chinese: yang
shoot arrow with string attached
Old Chinese: *lək
Middle Chinese: yik
1脊令 tsjek.leng (a kind of water bird)
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤiŋ
Middle Chinese: leng
2send (a person)
Old Chinese: *riŋ
Middle Chinese: ljeng
3issue a command
Old Chinese: *riŋ-s
Middle Chinese: ljengH
mother
Old Chinese: *məʔ (? or *mˤoʔ)
Middle Chinese: muwX
follow; from
Old Chinese: *l[u]
Middle Chinese: yuw
1divide
Old Chinese: *pə[n]
Middle Chinese: pjun
2alloted duty
Old Chinese: *[m]-pə[n]-s
Middle Chinese: bjunH
head; first
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]o[r] (< nasal + uvular)
Middle Chinese: ngjwon
in the past
Old Chinese: *[s]Ak
Middle Chinese: sjek
1passage; opening
Old Chinese: *lˤot-s
Middle Chinese: dwajH
2glad
Old Chinese: *lˤot-s
Middle Chinese: dwajH
1go or come out
Old Chinese: *t-kʰut
Middle Chinese: tsyhwit
2bring or take out
Old Chinese: *t-kʰut-s
Middle Chinese: tsyhwijH
straight
Old Chinese: *N-t
Middle Chinese: drik
go against
Old Chinese: *ŋrak
Middle Chinese: ngjaek
good
Old Chinese: *[r]aŋ
Middle Chinese: ljang
hill; capital city
Old Chinese: *[k]raŋ
Middle Chinese: kjaeng
1together; put together; combined
Old Chinese: *kˤop
Middle Chinese: kop
2come together; bring together
Old Chinese: *m-kˤop
Middle Chinese: hop
1female
Old Chinese: *nraʔ
Middle Chinese: nrjoX
2give as a wife
Old Chinese: *nraʔ-s
Middle Chinese: nrjoH
slave, subject
Old Chinese: *[g]i[ŋ]
Middle Chinese: dzyin
pulse, beans
Old Chinese: *s.tuk
Middle Chinese: syuwk
1circle; round
Old Chinese: *ɢʷ
Middle Chinese: hjwen
2(a particle)
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷə[n]
Middle Chinese: hjun
master; host
Old Chinese: *toʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyuX
prognosticate
Old Chinese: *tem
Middle Chinese: tsyem
1accumulate
Old Chinese: *[d]ˤun
Middle Chinese: dwon
2difficult
Old Chinese: *trun
Middle Chinese: trwin
caterpillar; Shu [place name]
Old Chinese: *[d]ok
Middle Chinese: dzyowk
arrive
Old Chinese: *ti[t]-s
Middle Chinese: tsyijH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: neb
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: laːɡ
in every case
Old Chinese: *[b]rom
Middle Chinese: bjom
stand (v.)
Old Chinese: *k.rəp
Middle Chinese: lip
well (n.)
Old Chinese: *C.tseŋʔ
Middle Chinese: tsjengX
numerous; commoner
Old Chinese: *s-tak-s
Middle Chinese: syoH
1big
Old Chinese: *lˤat-s (MC F!)
Middle Chinese: daH
2big
Old Chinese: *lˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: dajH
1bean
Old Chinese: *[N.t]ˤo-s
Middle Chinese: duwH
2vessel with a neck
Old Chinese: *[d]ˤok-s
Middle Chinese: duwH
1a kind of sacrificial vessel
Old Chinese: *k-tˤəŋ
Middle Chinese: tong
2ascend
Old Chinese: *tˤəŋ
Middle Chinese: tong
17th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[m].qʰˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: nguX
2resist; cross-wise
Old Chinese: *m-qʰˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: nguX
scribe
Old Chinese: *s-rəʔ
Middle Chinese: sriX
nine
Old Chinese: *[k]uʔ
Middle Chinese: kjuwX
I, me
Old Chinese: *lə
Middle Chinese: yi
(final particle)
Old Chinese: *lAjʔ
Middle Chinese: yaeX
These groups have less than 4 characters but still share at least 1 pronunciation among all the contained characters.
adhere (?)
Old Chinese: *tək
Middle Chinese: tsyik
dawn
Old Chinese: *tˤan-s
Middle Chinese: tanH
cowry shell
Old Chinese: *pˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: pajH
sound, tone
Old Chinese: *[q](r)əm
Middle Chinese: 'im
1distinguish; punctiious
Old Chinese: *[b]en
Middle Chinese: bjien
2even (adj.)
Old Chinese: *breŋ
Middle Chinese: bjaeng
3make even
Old Chinese: *m-breŋ
Middle Chinese: bjaeng
1rank, row
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: hang
2walk (v.)
Old Chinese: *Cə.[g]ˤraŋ
Middle Chinese: haeng
3action
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤraŋ-s
Middle Chinese: haengH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: b·roːɡ
auspicious
Old Chinese: *C.qi[t] (*C.q- > *k-, escaping palatalization)
Middle Chinese: kjit
earth
Old Chinese: *tʰˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: thuX
ten
Old Chinese: *t.[g]əp
Middle Chinese: dzyip
1head
Old Chinese: *l̥uʔ
Middle Chinese: syuwX
2turn the head towards
Old Chinese: *l̥uʔ-s
Middle Chinese: syuwH
millet or rice grains, dehusked and polished
Old Chinese: *(C.)mˤ[e]jʔ
Middle Chinese: mejX
1even, uniform
Old Chinese: *[N-q]ʷi[n]
Middle Chinese: ywin
2little, few (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷi[ŋ]
Middle Chinese: ywin
10,000
Old Chinese: *C.ma[n]-s
Middle Chinese: mjonH
1clothes
Old Chinese: *ʔ(r)əj
Middle Chinese: 'j+j
2wear (v.t.)
Old Chinese: *ʔ(r)əj-s
Middle Chinese: 'j+jH
1st heavenly stem; fingernail
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤr[a]p
Middle Chinese: kaep
ancestral temple
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤuŋ
Middle Chinese: tsowng
bone
Old Chinese: *kˤut
Middle Chinese: kwot
so and so; a certain
Old Chinese: *məʔ
Middle Chinese: muwX
1dragon
Old Chinese: *[mə]-roŋ
Middle Chinese: ljowng
2variegated
Old Chinese: *mˤroŋ
Middle Chinese: maewng
turn over in bed
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]o[r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: 'jwonX
(other) person
Old Chinese: *ni[ŋ]
Middle Chinese: nyin
1meeting; have a meeting
Old Chinese: *m-kˤop-s
Middle Chinese: hwajH
2阿會亘 ēhuìxuān: Skt. ābhāsvara ‘shining’ (E. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *ɦʷˤajs (< *m-kˤop-s)
Middle Chinese: hwajH
3calculate; calculation
Old Chinese: *kˤop-s
Middle Chinese: kwajH
war expedition; service
Old Chinese: *ɢʷek
Middle Chinese: ywek
younger brother
Old Chinese: *lˤəjʔ
Middle Chinese: dejX
interval, short while
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷʰeŋʔ
Middle Chinese: khjwiengX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: zloŋ
There are no shared pronunciations in these groups. However, the pronunciations are still related, since they have a common ancestor in ancient Chinese.
1單于 chányú: Xiōngnú ruler (W. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *dar (< *[d]ar)
Middle Chinese: dzyen
2single, simple
Old Chinese: *Cə.tˤar
Middle Chinese: tan
1ladle (n.)
Old Chinese: *m-tewk
Middle Chinese: dzyak
2ladle (v.)
Old Chinese: *tewk
Middle Chinese: tsyak
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: b·roːn
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: b·ron
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: b·rons
exclusively
Old Chinese: *ton
Middle Chinese: tsywen
1some; or
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤək
Middle Chinese: hwok
2territory
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷrək
Middle Chinese: hwik
pheasant
Old Chinese: *lˤewk
Middle Chinese: dek
many
Old Chinese: *[t.l]ˤaj
Middle Chinese: ta
lose
Old Chinese: *l̥i[t]
Middle Chinese: syit
1circumstances; setting
Old Chinese: *ŋ̊et-s
Middle Chinese: syejH
2to plant
Old Chinese: *ŋet-s (MC I!)
Middle Chinese: ngjiejH
1armpit
Old Chinese: *[ɢ](r)Ak
Middle Chinese: yek
2also
Old Chinese: *ɢ(r)Ak
Middle Chinese: yek
1martial
Old Chinese: *pˤar
Middle Chinese: pa
2a turn, a time
Old Chinese: *pʰar
Middle Chinese: phjon
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kreːds
twist (v.)
Old Chinese: *k-riw (dialect: *k-r- > *kr-)
Middle Chinese: kjiw
burn, blazing
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷ(r)am
Middle Chinese: hjem
1scorch, burn
Old Chinese: *n̥ˤarʔ
Middle Chinese: xanX
2dry
Old Chinese: *[qʰ]ˤarʔ-s
Middle Chinese: xanH
advance (v.)
Old Chinese: *sə-lu[t]-s
Middle Chinese: zwijH
to flower
Old Chinese: *[s-l]u(ʔ)-s
Middle Chinese: sjuwH
avoid
Old Chinese: *mr[o][r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: mjenX
truly
Old Chinese: *[l]u[r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: ywinX
110th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *N-ruʔ
Middle Chinese: yuwX
2wine
Old Chinese: *N-ruʔ
Middle Chinese: yuwX
3old
Old Chinese: *N-ruʔ
Middle Chinese: yuwX
black
Old Chinese: *m̥ˤək (dialect *m̥ˤ- > xˤ-)
Middle Chinese: xok
seven
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]i[t]
Middle Chinese: tshit
1not
Old Chinese: *pə
Middle Chinese: pjuw
2不律 writing brush (pron. in Wú 吳 ap. Shuōwén; E. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *pə
Middle Chinese: pjuw
precious; expensive
Old Chinese: *kuj-s
Middle Chinese: kjw+jH
place where
Old Chinese: *liw
Middle Chinese: yuw
dare
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤamʔ
Middle Chinese: kamX
red
Old Chinese: *[t-qʰ](r)Ak
Middle Chinese: tsyhek
stone
Old Chinese: *dAk
Middle Chinese: dzyek
1slipper, shoe
Old Chinese: *s.qʰAk
Middle Chinese: sjek
2slipper, shoe
Old Chinese: *s.qʰak (dialect: *s.qʰ> MC tsh-, *-ak > -jak)
Middle Chinese: tshjak
take, use
Old Chinese: *ləʔ
Middle Chinese: yiX
assist
Old Chinese: *m-təŋ
Middle Chinese: dzying
1egg
Old Chinese: *k.rˤorʔ (dialect: *-r > *-j)
Middle Chinese: lwaX
2egg
Old Chinese: *k.rˤorʔ
Middle Chinese: lwanX
1see (v.)
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤen-s
Middle Chinese: kenH
2appear
Old Chinese: *N-[k]ˤen-s
Middle Chinese: henH
3cause to appear, introduce
Old Chinese: *m-[k]ˤen-s
Middle Chinese: henH
winter
Old Chinese: *tˤuŋ
Middle Chinese: towng
kind, class
Old Chinese: *pʰr[ə]mʔ
Middle Chinese: phimX
study; imitate
Old Chinese: *m-kˤruk
Middle Chinese: haewk
fontanel
Old Chinese: *[s]ə[r]-s
Middle Chinese: sinH
1change; hexagram
Old Chinese: *N-kˤraw
Middle Chinese: haew
2change; hexagram
Old Chinese: *N-kˤraw
Middle Chinese: haew
hammer
Old Chinese: *tˤo[n]-s
Middle Chinese: twanH
1a kind of wheat
Old Chinese: *mə.rˤək (> *mə.rˤə)
Middle Chinese: loj
2come
Old Chinese: *mə.rˤək (> *rˤə)
Middle Chinese: loj
pursue
Old Chinese: *truj
Middle Chinese: trwij
submit
Old Chinese: *m-kˤru[ŋ] (? < *-[u]m)
Middle Chinese: haewng
1turn around, turn back
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤar
Middle Chinese: hwan
2turn around
Old Chinese: *s-[q]ʷar
Middle Chinese: sjwen
3阿會亘 ēhuìxuān: Skt. ābhāsvara ‘shining’ (E. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *swar (< *s-[q]ʷar)
Middle Chinese: sjwen
before
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤen (~ *m-dzˤen)
Middle Chinese: dzen
1a kind of bear
Old Chinese: *nˤə
Middle Chinese: noj
2a kind of bear
Old Chinese: *nˤə(ŋ)
Middle Chinese: nong
3able; ability
Old Chinese: *nˤə(ʔ) (~ *nˤəŋ)
Middle Chinese: nong
fever
Old Chinese: *tʰrə[n]-s
Middle Chinese: trhinH
different
Old Chinese: *ɢ(r)ək-s
Middle Chinese: yiH
arrow
Old Chinese: *l̥i[j]ʔ
Middle Chinese: syijX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: m̥ʰreːɡs
mountain, hill
Old Chinese: *s-ŋrar
Middle Chinese: srean
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ŋrans
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɢʷal
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɢʷal
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɢʷals
protect
Old Chinese: *pˤuʔ
Middle Chinese: pawX
lawsuit; prison
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]rok
Middle Chinese: ngjowk
house; roof
Old Chinese: *qˤok (or *ʔˤok ?)
Middle Chinese: 'uwk
high; splendid
Old Chinese: *tˤrawk
Middle Chinese: traewk
reach to
Old Chinese: *m-rˤəp-s
Middle Chinese: dojH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ŋeːw
extend
Old Chinese: *la[n]
Middle Chinese: yen
ghost
Old Chinese: *k-ʔujʔ
Middle Chinese: kjw+jX
bird
Old Chinese: *tˤiwʔ
Middle Chinese: tewX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: m·ruɡ
1consort, wife
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ˤəj
Middle Chinese: tshej
2give as wife
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ˤəj-s
Middle Chinese: tshejH
north
Old Chinese: *pˤək
Middle Chinese: pok
thumb; inch
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ˤu[n]-s
Middle Chinese: tshwonH
sweet
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤ[a]m
Middle Chinese: kam
1longevity
Old Chinese: *[N-t]uʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyuwX
2longevity
Old Chinese: *[N-t]uʔ-s
Middle Chinese: dzyuwH
spine; pitch-pipe
Old Chinese: *[r]aʔ
Middle Chinese: ljoX
insect
Old Chinese: *C.lruŋ
Middle Chinese: drjuwng
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: boːd
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ʔsreːŋ
1grieved; suffering
Old Chinese: *[ʔ](r)ə[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: 'j+nX
2conceal
Old Chinese: *[ʔ](r)ə[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: 'j+nX
3lean on
Old Chinese: *ʔ(r)ə[r]ʔ-s
Middle Chinese: 'j+nH
1honor (v.)
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤu[n]
Middle Chinese: tswon
2wine-cup
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤu[n]
Middle Chinese: tswon
2nd heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *qrət
Middle Chinese: 'it
weak
Old Chinese: *newk
Middle Chinese: nyak
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sl'ɯm
1arrange
Old Chinese: *lri[n]
Middle Chinese: drin
2battle array
Old Chinese: *lri[n]-s
Middle Chinese: drinH
say
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷə[r]
Middle Chinese: hjun
1odor, to stink (intransitive)?
Old Chinese: *t-qʰu(ʔ)-s
Middle Chinese: tsyhuwH
2odor, to stink (intransitive)?
Old Chinese: *qʰu(ʔ)-s
Middle Chinese: xjuwH
transgress
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤe[t]-s
Middle Chinese: lejH
1to stop
Old Chinese: *nˤərʔ
Middle Chinese: nejX
2to stop, obstruct
Old Chinese: *nˤərʔ-s
Middle Chinese: nejH
3near, close
Old Chinese: *nr[əj]
Middle Chinese: nrij
gather, collect
Old Chinese: *[dz][u]p
Middle Chinese: dzip
11st earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[ts]əʔ
Middle Chinese: tsiX
2child; gentleman, master
Old Chinese: *tsəʔ
Middle Chinese: tsiX
generation
Old Chinese: *l̥ap-s
Middle Chinese: syejH
tree trunk
Old Chinese: *C.pˤə[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: pwonX
1chariot
Old Chinese: *[t.qʰ](r)A
Middle Chinese: tsyhae
2chariot
Old Chinese: *C.q(r)a
Middle Chinese: kjo
1to cure
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤawk
Middle Chinese: lak
2joy; enjoy
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤawk
Middle Chinese: lak
3cause to rejoice
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ˤrawk-s
Middle Chinese: ngaewH
4music
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ˤrawk
Middle Chinese: ngaewk
drag, trail (v.)
Old Chinese: *[r]o
Middle Chinese: lju
growing grain
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤoj
Middle Chinese: hwa
secondary
Old Chinese: *ʔˤrak-s
Middle Chinese: 'aeH
1following, thereupon
Old Chinese: *[N.]rut
Middle Chinese: ywit
2writing stylus or brush (pron. in Chǔ 楚 ap. Shuōwén; E. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *[m-]rut
Middle Chinese: ywit
1go to
Old Chinese: *[ts]ik
Middle Chinese: tsik
2thereupon
Old Chinese: *[ts]ik
Middle Chinese: tsik
kind, good
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤi[j]-s
Middle Chinese: hwejH
seize
Old Chinese: *[t]ip
Middle Chinese: tsyip
1to curse
Old Chinese: *[t]uk-s
Middle Chinese: tsyuwH
2pray, recite
Old Chinese: *[t]uk
Middle Chinese: tsyuwk
3cut off, break
Old Chinese: *tuk
Middle Chinese: tsyuwk
1high; lift high
Old Chinese: *[k.ŋ]ˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: ngang
2I, me
Old Chinese: *ŋˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: ngang
1easy
Old Chinese: *lek-s
Middle Chinese: yeH
2change; exchange
Old Chinese: *lek
Middle Chinese: yek
military
Old Chinese: *m(r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: mjuX
vessel, bowl
Old Chinese: *mraŋʔ
Middle Chinese: mjaengX
1you
Old Chinese: *nak
Middle Chinese: nyak
2agree
Old Chinese: *nak
Middle Chinese: nyak
ritual vessel
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤijʔ
Middle Chinese: lejX
sell
Old Chinese: *[l][iw]k
Middle Chinese: yuwk
step
Old Chinese: *mə-bˤa-s
Middle Chinese: buH
1numerous
Old Chinese: *nˤ[ə][r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: nejX
2(adv. suffix)
Old Chinese: *n[ə][r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: nyeX
3you(r)
Old Chinese: *n[ə][r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: nyeX
1bring or send in
Old Chinese: *nˤ[u]p
Middle Chinese: nop
2inside
Old Chinese: *nˤ[u]p-s
Middle Chinese: nwojH
These groups each contain only one character. It is still good to know the phonetic component, since it may be of use in learning new characters not treated here, in the same or other languages.
truthful
Old Chinese: *s-ni[ŋ]-s
Middle Chinese: sinH
compass, circle
Old Chinese: *kʷe
Middle Chinese: kjwie
enter
Old Chinese: *n[u]p
Middle Chinese: nyip
horn, corner
Old Chinese: *C.[k]ˤrok
Middle Chinese: kaewk
set up
Old Chinese: *ŋ̊et
Middle Chinese: syet
cut off
Old Chinese: *[dz]ot
Middle Chinese: dzjwet
1bent, curved
Old Chinese: *N-kʰ(r)ok
Middle Chinese: gjowk
2department
Old Chinese: *[g](r)ok
Middle Chinese: gjowk
1to open (v.i.)
Old Chinese: *Nə-[k]ʰˤəj
Middle Chinese: khoj
2to open (v.t.)
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰˤəj
Middle Chinese: khoj
youngest
Old Chinese: *kʷi[t]-s
Middle Chinese: kjwijH
1scattered (adj.)
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤa[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: sanX
2scatter (v.t.)
Old Chinese: *mə-sˤa[n]ʔ-s
Middle Chinese: sanH
repeat; practice
Old Chinese: *s-ɢʷəp (with root *ɢʷəp ‘wing’?)
Middle Chinese: zip
ten feet
Old Chinese: *[d]raŋʔ
Middle Chinese: drjangX
1musical note
Old Chinese: *s-taŋ
Middle Chinese: syang
2(place name)
Old Chinese: *s-taŋ
Middle Chinese: syang
3estimate; business; trader
Old Chinese: *s-taŋ
Middle Chinese: syang
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: quːn
lead (v.), govern
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤ(r)oʔ
Middle Chinese: buwX
hand
Old Chinese: *n̥uʔ
Middle Chinese: syuwX
high, rocky
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤuj
Middle Chinese: dzwoj
escort (v.), send
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤoŋ-s
Middle Chinese: suwngH
item
Old Chinese: *[g]r[a][n]ʔ (no pre-Qín exx?)
Middle Chinese: gjenX
breed, produce
Old Chinese: *m-quk
Middle Chinese: yuwk
eagle, falcon
Old Chinese: *[q](r)əŋ
Middle Chinese: 'ing
body; self
Old Chinese: *n̥i[ŋ]
Middle Chinese: syin
13rd earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[ɢ](r)ər
Middle Chinese: yij
23rd earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[ɢ](r)ər
Middle Chinese: yin
thin, sparse
Old Chinese: *qʰəj
Middle Chinese: xj+j
1burst through
Old Chinese: *m-tʰˤut
Middle Chinese: dwot
2break through; suddenly
Old Chinese: *tʰˤut
Middle Chinese: thwot
oppose, contrary
Old Chinese: *[tʰ]o[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyhwenX
1roll over; unfold
Old Chinese: *trenʔ
Middle Chinese: trjenX
2ritual robe
Old Chinese: *tra[n]-s
Middle Chinese: trjenH
1stand on tiptoe
Old Chinese: *kʰeʔ
Middle Chinese: khjieX
2stand on tiptoe
Old Chinese: *kʰeʔ-s
Middle Chinese: khjieH
die (v.)
Old Chinese: *sijʔ
Middle Chinese: sijX
cover
Old Chinese: *qʰˤraʔ
Middle Chinese: xaeX
quarrel, wrangle
Old Chinese: *tˤok-s
Middle Chinese: tuwH
(final particle)
Old Chinese: *qəʔ (atonic)
Middle Chinese: hiX
fruit; full
Old Chinese: *mə.li[t]
Middle Chinese: zyit
seal
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]iŋ-s
Middle Chinese: 'jinH
1rest (v.)
Old Chinese: *qʰ(r)u
Middle Chinese: xjuw
2blessing
Old Chinese: *qʰ(r)u
Middle Chinese: xjuw
small
Old Chinese: *məj
Middle Chinese: mj+j
obtain
Old Chinese: *tˤək
Middle Chinese: tok
1be cut in two
Old Chinese: *N-tˤo[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: dwanX
2cut in two
Old Chinese: *tˤo[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: twanX
3cut off; decide
Old Chinese: *tˤo[n]ʔ-s
Middle Chinese: twanH
window facing North; turn towards
Old Chinese: *n̥aŋ-s
Middle Chinese: xjangH
market (n.)
Old Chinese: *C.[d]əʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyiX
in danger
Old Chinese: *[ŋ](r)[o]j
Middle Chinese: ngjwe
1rain
Old Chinese: *C.ɢʷ(r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: hjuX
2rain (v.t.)
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷ(r)aʔ-s
Middle Chinese: hjuH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qiːs
beautiful
Old Chinese: *[m]rəjʔ
Middle Chinese: mijX
1good
Old Chinese: *qʰˤuʔ
Middle Chinese: xawX
2love, like (v.)
Old Chinese: *qʰˤuʔ-s
Middle Chinese: xawH
carry on the back
Old Chinese: *[b]əʔ
Middle Chinese: bjuwX
beginning
Old Chinese: *[ts]ʰra
Middle Chinese: tsrhjo
concubine
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ap
Middle Chinese: tshjep
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sqʰuːns
dog
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷʰˤ[e][n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: khwenX
1three
Old Chinese: *s.rum (*s.r- > s-; infl. by 四 *s-?)
Middle Chinese: sam
2three times
Old Chinese: *s.r[u]m-s (*s.r- > *s-, infl. by 四 *s-?)
Middle Chinese: samH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tʰaːd
1to watch, guard
Old Chinese: *kʰˤa[r]
Middle Chinese: khan
2gaze at
Old Chinese: *[kʰ]ˤa[r]-s
Middle Chinese: khanH
rest (v.)
Old Chinese: *C.qʰ
Middle Chinese: khjejH
go on foot
Old Chinese: *[d]ˤa
Middle Chinese: du
bow, bend (v.)
Old Chinese: *C.pˤro[t]-s
Middle Chinese: peajH
repay
Old Chinese: *pˤuk-s
Middle Chinese: pawH
even, level (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤe[r]
Middle Chinese: ken
next day
Old Chinese: *ɢʷrəp (dialect: *-əp > *-up > *-uk)
Middle Chinese: yuwk
1fresh; good
Old Chinese: *[s][a]r
Middle Chinese: sjen
2鮮卑 *s[a]r.pe Xiānbēi
Old Chinese: *s[a]r
Middle Chinese: sjen
3rare, few
Old Chinese: *[s][e]rʔ
Middle Chinese: sjenX
examine; denounce
Old Chinese: *[t]ʰˤuʔ
Middle Chinese: thawX
1army
Old Chinese: *srij
Middle Chinese: srij
2master
Old Chinese: *srij
Middle Chinese: srij
military unit of 500 men; to go
Old Chinese: *[r]aʔ
Middle Chinese: ljoX
dusk, dark
Old Chinese: *m̥ˤu[n]
Middle Chinese: xwon
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: reːwʔ
counterpart; be the counterpart of
Old Chinese: *pʰˤ[ə][j]-s
Middle Chinese: phwojH
measure (v.)
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤew-s
Middle Chinese: lewH
split (v.)
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤek
Middle Chinese: sek
fly (v.)
Old Chinese: *Cə.pə[r] (dialect: *-r > *-j)
Middle Chinese: pj+j
dream
Old Chinese: *C.məŋ-s
Middle Chinese: mjuwngH
daytime
Old Chinese: *truk-s
Middle Chinese: trjuwH
calculate
Old Chinese: *kˤij-s
Middle Chinese: kejH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kleːwɢs
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɢlewɢ
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kleːwɢ
words
Old Chinese: *sə.lə
Middle Chinese: zi
a kind of lance
Old Chinese: *[d]o
Middle Chinese: dzyu
a pair
Old Chinese: *p.raŋʔ
Middle Chinese: ljangX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sil
advance (v.)
Old Chinese: *[ts][i][n]-s
Middle Chinese: tsinH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: men
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: meːnʔ
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: maːn
continue
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤ[e]-s
Middle Chinese: kejH
command, call (n.)
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤaw-s
Middle Chinese: hawH
continuous; constant
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤəŋ-s
Middle Chinese: kongH
move
Old Chinese: *[Cə-m-]tˤoŋʔ
Middle Chinese: duwngX
1draw the bow
Old Chinese: *li[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: yinX
2draw the bow
Old Chinese: *li[n]ʔ-s
Middle Chinese: yinH
arrange, provide
Old Chinese: *[g](r)o-s
Middle Chinese: gjuH
1quiver (n.)
Old Chinese: *[b]ək
Middle Chinese: bjuwk
2garment; wear (v.)
Old Chinese: *[b]ək
Middle Chinese: bjuwk
3subdue, submit
Old Chinese: *[b]ək
Middle Chinese: bjuwk
4box of a carriage
Old Chinese: *[b]əʔ
Middle Chinese: bjuwX
four
Old Chinese: *s.li[j]-s
Middle Chinese: sijH
1send
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰe[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: khjienX
2grave goods
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰe[n]ʔ-s (*kʰ- doesn't palatalize)
Middle Chinese: khjienH
calamity; distress
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤro[n]-s
Middle Chinese: hwaenH
crime, offense
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤujʔ
Middle Chinese: dzwojX
light, brightness
Old Chinese: *kʷˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: kwang
1hide, skin
Old Chinese: *kˤrək
Middle Chinese: keak
2change (v.)
Old Chinese: *kˤrək
Middle Chinese: keak
1[surname]
Old Chinese: *C.ra[n]
Middle Chinese: ljen
2connect in a row
Old Chinese: *[r]a[n]
Middle Chinese: ljen
intertwining
Old Chinese: *m-qˤaʔ-s
Middle Chinese: huH
water; river
Old Chinese: *s.turʔ (E dialect: *-r > *-j)
Middle Chinese: sywijX
complete (adj.)
Old Chinese: *[b]rək-s
Middle Chinese: bijH
blocked; anxious
Old Chinese: *qut
Middle Chinese: 'jut
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tʰjɯŋ
ox
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ʷə (< uvular?)
Middle Chinese: ngjuw
calculate; tally
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤorʔ-s
Middle Chinese: swanH
6th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *s-[ɢ]əʔ
Middle Chinese: ziX
1twist a rope
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤak
Middle Chinese: sak
2search (v.)
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤak
Middle Chinese: sak
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: men
obstruct; distress
Old Chinese: *kʰˤu[n]-s
Middle Chinese: khwonH
run
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤoʔ
Middle Chinese: tsuwX
sinew
Old Chinese: *C.[k]ə[n]
Middle Chinese: kj+n
1have hegemony
Old Chinese: *pˤrak-s
Middle Chinese: paeH
2new moon
Old Chinese: *[pʰˤ]rak
Middle Chinese: phaek
old
Old Chinese: *C.rˤuʔ
Middle Chinese: lawX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: roːds
1brush (v.)
Old Chinese: *[s]r[o]t (dialect: retains MC srj-)
Middle Chinese: srjwet
2brush (v.)
Old Chinese: *[s]r[o]t
Middle Chinese: srwaet
clan
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤok
Middle Chinese: dzuwk
1poison (n.)
Old Chinese: *[d]ˤuk
Middle Chinese: dowk
2to poison (v.)
Old Chinese: *m-[d]ˤuk-s
Middle Chinese: dowk
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: njoŋʔ
1satiate, satisfy
Old Chinese: *ʔem
Middle Chinese: 'jiem
2satisfaction
Old Chinese: *ʔem-s
Middle Chinese: 'jiemH
vessel; instrument
Old Chinese: *[kʰ]r[ə][t]-s
Middle Chinese: khijH
to guard
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷ(r)a[t]-s
Middle Chinese: hjwejH
go to
Old Chinese: *ɢʷaŋʔ
Middle Chinese: hjwangX
to herd, herdsman
Old Chinese: *mək
Middle Chinese: mjuwk
withdraw (≠ advance)
Old Chinese: *n̥ˤ[u]p-s
Middle Chinese: thwojH
to bend
Old Chinese: *kʰ(r)ok
Middle Chinese: khjowk
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: djeb
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: teːb
calamity
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤə
Middle Chinese: tsoj
fortunate
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤreŋʔ
Middle Chinese: heangX
statute, norm
Old Chinese: *tˤə[r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: tenX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: srɯb
1chain
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤojʔ
Middle Chinese: swaX
2small, fragment
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤojʔ
Middle Chinese: swaX
thick
Old Chinese: *Cə.[g]ˤ(r)oʔ
Middle Chinese: huwX
fly forth, send forth
Old Chinese: *Cə.pat
Middle Chinese: pjot
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ban
dam up, block; mound
Old Chinese: *[q]i[n]
Middle Chinese: 'jin
carry; able; dominate
Old Chinese: *kʰˤək
Middle Chinese: khok
flea
Old Chinese: *tsˤuʔ
Middle Chinese: tsawX
1beard
Old Chinese: *C-[s.n]o
Middle Chinese: sju
2斯須 a short time
Old Chinese: *[s]o
Middle Chinese: sju
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: reːls
steward; minister
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤəʔ
Middle Chinese: tsojX
close (v.); obstruct
Old Chinese: *pˤi[t]-s
Middle Chinese: pejH
assist
Old Chinese: *tsˤarʔ-s
Middle Chinese: tsanH
1drag feet; withdraw
Old Chinese: *lˤu[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: dwonX
2young pig
Old Chinese: *lˤu[n]
Middle Chinese: dwon
tip (n.)
Old Chinese: *tˤor
Middle Chinese: twan
kiln; pottery
Old Chinese: *[l]ˤu
Middle Chinese: daw
drum (n.)
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: kuX
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: da
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: daʔ
1toil
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤaw
Middle Chinese: law
2to reward for toil
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤaw-s
Middle Chinese: lawH
1remarkable; hero
Old Chinese: *N-[k]
Middle Chinese: gjet
2perch for fowls
Old Chinese: *m-[k]
Middle Chinese: gjet
3lift, raise
Old Chinese: *[k]
Middle Chinese: kjet
awe-inspiring
Old Chinese: *ʔuj
Middle Chinese: 'jw+j
dense trees
Old Chinese: *s.rəm
Middle Chinese: srim
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡʷreːns
conceal
Old Chinese: *nr[ə]k
Middle Chinese: nrik
field; to hunt
Old Chinese: *lˤiŋ
Middle Chinese: den
11th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *s.mi[t]
Middle Chinese: swit
rhinoceros
Old Chinese: *s.lˤəj
Middle Chinese: sej
1breathe
Old Chinese: *sək
Middle Chinese: sik
2安息 Ānxī (Iranian country in the western regions, W. Hàn; from Aršaka = Arsaces, founder of the Arsacid dynasty)
Old Chinese: *sək
Middle Chinese: sik
throw away, abandon
Old Chinese: *[kʰ]i[t]-s
Middle Chinese: khjijH
to dye
Old Chinese: *C.n[a]mʔ
Middle Chinese: nyemX
bring forward; perform (music)
Old Chinese: *tsˤo(ʔ)-s
Middle Chinese: tsuwH
meat, flesh
Old Chinese: *k.nuk
Middle Chinese: nyuwk
1frequently
Old Chinese: *[b]i[n]
Middle Chinese: bjin
2river bank
Old Chinese: *[m-p]i[n]
Middle Chinese: bjin
1long, longing
Old Chinese: *[ɢ](r)aŋʔ
Middle Chinese: yangX
2nourish, raise
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]aŋʔ
Middle Chinese: yangX
1roll (v.)
Old Chinese: *[k](r)o[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: kjwenX
2handsome
Old Chinese: *[g]ʷren
Middle Chinese: gjwen
milk; nipple
Old Chinese: *noʔ
Middle Chinese: nyuX
tread on; sandal
Old Chinese: *[r]ijʔ
Middle Chinese: lijX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kʰuːd
broom
Old Chinese: *[t.p]əʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyuwX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰuw
1idle
Old Chinese: *N-kˤre[n]
Middle Chinese: hean
2great; large-minded
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤra[n]
Middle Chinese: hean
3well-trained
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤra[n]
Middle Chinese: hean
4bar, barrier
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤra[n]
Middle Chinese: hean
fire
Old Chinese: *[qʷʰ]ˤəjʔ
Middle Chinese: xwaX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sraŋʔ
will-o'-the wisp
Old Chinese: *[r]ə[n]
Middle Chinese: lin
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: hljɯmʔ
broom; comet
Old Chinese: *s-[ɢ]ʷe[t]-s
Middle Chinese: zjwejH
to flap (sc. the ears)
Old Chinese: *[qʰ]ip
Middle Chinese: syip
1and, but, or
Old Chinese: *[ʔ](r)ik
Middle Chinese: 'ik
2rub, repress
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]ik
Middle Chinese: 'ik
spread wings and fly
Old Chinese: *(Cə.)pə[r]-s (W dialect)
Middle Chinese: pjunH
stand for musical instruments
Old Chinese: *t
Middle Chinese: trjuH
earthenware
Old Chinese: *p(r)uʔ
Middle Chinese: pjuwX
(place name)
Old Chinese: *C.[b]ˤraŋ
Middle Chinese: baeng
flee
Old Chinese: *[l]i[t]
Middle Chinese: yit
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɢʷɯ
container, box (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *paŋ
Middle Chinese: pjang
leaf of door (: fan?)
Old Chinese: *[l̥][a][r]-s
Middle Chinese: syenH
evening, night
Old Chinese: *s-ɢAk
Middle Chinese: zjek
cruel
Old Chinese: *[ŋ](r)awk
Middle Chinese: ngjak
city moat
Old Chinese: *[q](r)oŋ (< *[q](r)om)
Middle Chinese: 'jowng
dark; secluded
Old Chinese: *[ʔ](r)iw
Middle Chinese: 'jiw
1yoke
Old Chinese: *C.qˤ
Middle Chinese: keak
2tripod with hollow legs
Old Chinese: *k.rˤek
Middle Chinese: lek
at ease
Old Chinese: *n̥ˤojʔ
Middle Chinese: thwaX
a pair
Old Chinese: *[s]roŋ
Middle Chinese: sraewng
fat (adj.)
Old Chinese: *[b][ə]r
Middle Chinese: bj+j
eight
Old Chinese: *pˤret
Middle Chinese: peat
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kʰeːʔ
blood
Old Chinese: *m̥ˤik
Middle Chinese: xwet
1exhaust (v.)
Old Chinese: *tsi[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: tsinX
2exhaust (v.)
Old Chinese: *m-tsi[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: dzinX
bury
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤaŋ-s
Middle Chinese: tsangH
and, but
Old Chinese: *nə
Middle Chinese: nyi
running pig
Old Chinese: *l̥ˤo[r]-s
Middle Chinese: thwanH
discard
Old Chinese: *n̥ˤi[t]-s
Middle Chinese: thejH
young
Old Chinese: *[ʔ](r)iw-s
Middle Chinese: 'jiwH
pestle
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]
Middle Chinese: tsrheap
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qʰlus
1solemn, severe
Old Chinese: *siwk
Middle Chinese: sjuwk
2contract (v.); shrivel
Old Chinese: *siwk
Middle Chinese: sjuwk
3present (v.)
Old Chinese: *siwk
Middle Chinese: sjuwk
4beat (v.)
Old Chinese: *siwk
Middle Chinese: sjuwk
5eager; swift
Old Chinese: *siwk
Middle Chinese: sjuwk
mulberry tree
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: sang
young
Old Chinese: *lrəj-s
Middle Chinese: drijH
part of a yoke
Old Chinese: *qˤ
Middle Chinese: 'eak
joy; rejoice
Old Chinese: *qʰ(r)əʔ
Middle Chinese: xiX
seize
Old Chinese: *Cə.lˤot
Middle Chinese: dwat
small pit
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤromʔ-s
Middle Chinese: heamH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kʷroːlʔ
Middle Chinese: kʷreːiʔ
charcoal, coal
Old Chinese: *[tʰ]ˤa[n]-s
Middle Chinese: thanH
steal
Old Chinese: *[d]ˤaw(k)-s
Middle Chinese: dawH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: l'ɯːb
1comet
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤ[u]t-s
Middle Chinese: bwojH
2comet
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤ[u]t
Middle Chinese: bwot
to be willing
Old Chinese: *kʰˤəŋʔ
Middle Chinese: khongX
1warm up
Old Chinese: *sə-l[ə]m (< *-um ?)
Middle Chinese: zim
2measure of 8 chǐ 尺
Old Chinese: *sə-l[ə]m
Middle Chinese: zim
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sins
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tods
1pellet; ball
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤar
Middle Chinese: hwan
2烏丸 Wūhuán: Avars (W. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *ɦʷˤar (< *[ɢ]ʷˤar)
Middle Chinese: hwan
stomach
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷə[t]-s
Middle Chinese: hjw+jH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: rod
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qriːw
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qriːb
1(Q particle)
Old Chinese: *ɢˤa
Middle Chinese: hu
2in, at
Old Chinese: *ɢˤa
Middle Chinese: hu
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tʰjaŋ
disorder, rebellion
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤo[n]-s
Middle Chinese: lwanH
bright, limpid
Old Chinese: *tseŋ
Middle Chinese: tsjeng
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: njam
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: njamʔ
display, manifest
Old Chinese: *qʰˤenʔ
Middle Chinese: xenX
toad
Old Chinese: *mˤrəŋʔ
Middle Chinese: meangX
thigh
Old Chinese: *kʷˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: kuX
1tall
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ˤaw
Middle Chinese: ngaw
2saunter about
Old Chinese: *ŋˤaw
Middle Chinese: ngaw
nobility, rank
Old Chinese: *[ts]ewk
Middle Chinese: tsjak
move (v.)
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ar
Middle Chinese: tshjen
six
Old Chinese: *k.ruk
Middle Chinese: ljuwk
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: mreːwɢs
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: mreːwɢ
1hatch (v.)
Old Chinese: *[b]ək-s
Middle Chinese: bjuwH
2lie prostrate
Old Chinese: *[b]ək
Middle Chinese: bjuwk
a kind of net (on a handle?) (Shuōwén: 'bird net')
Old Chinese: *rˤaj
Middle Chinese: la
cold
Old Chinese: *Cə.[g]ˤa[n]
Middle Chinese: han
a kind of lance
Old Chinese: *[g]ʷ(r)a
Middle Chinese: gju
1mourning clothes
Old Chinese: *[s.r̥]ˤruj
Middle Chinese: tshwoj
2reduce
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]roj
Middle Chinese: tsrhjwe
3diminish, decline
Old Chinese: *sruj
Middle Chinese: srwij
chin
Old Chinese: *[ɢ](r)ə
Middle Chinese: yi
side by side, together
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤeŋʔ
Middle Chinese: bengX
disgrace
Old Chinese: *nok
Middle Chinese: nyowk
1turn around; return
Old Chinese: *s-ɢʷen
Middle Chinese: zjwen
2whorl of hair on the head
Old Chinese: *s-ɢʷen-s
Middle Chinese: zjwenH
kerchief
Old Chinese: *krən
Middle Chinese: kin
a kind of axe
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷat
Middle Chinese: hjwot
happy, rejoice
Old Chinese: *[kʰ]raŋ-s
Middle Chinese: khjaengH
1luxuriant, abundant (K)
Old Chinese: *pʰ(r)oŋ
Middle Chinese: phjowng
2luxuriant, abundant (K)
Old Chinese: *pʰ(r)oŋ
Middle Chinese: phjowng
3a kind of ritual vessel
Old Chinese: *pʰ(r)oŋ
Middle Chinese: phjowng
4kind of ritual vessel
Old Chinese: *pʰ(r)oŋ (MC F!)
Middle Chinese: phjuwng
cry (of birds or animals)
Old Chinese: *m.reŋ
Middle Chinese: mjaeng
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: suːʔ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: suːs
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pub
Middle Chinese: pud
jade
Old Chinese: *[ŋ](r)ok (< uvular?)
Middle Chinese: ngjowk
2d earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[n̥]ruʔ
Middle Chinese: trhjuwX
hill, mound
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷʰə
Middle Chinese: khjuw
chestnut tree
Old Chinese: *[r]i[t]
Middle Chinese: lit
feather, wing
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷ(r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: hjuX
body, person
Old Chinese: *k(r)uŋ
Middle Chinese: kjuwng
round granary
Old Chinese: *kʰrun
Middle Chinese: khwin
give
Old Chinese: *pi[t]-s
Middle Chinese: pjijH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡoːn
outer wall
Old Chinese: *kʷˤak
Middle Chinese: kwak
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ʔsraːɡ
steal
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ˤet
Middle Chinese: tshet
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɢruds
umbrella, parasol
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤarʔ
Middle Chinese: sanX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: duːm
join, unite
Old Chinese: *m-rˤəp
Middle Chinese: dop
consort; match
Old Chinese: *pʰ[ə][j]
Middle Chinese: phj+j
sovereign; queen
Old Chinese: *ɢˤ(r)oʔ
Middle Chinese: huwX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: njonʔ
tail
Old Chinese: *[m]əjʔ
Middle Chinese: mj+jX
cinnabar
Old Chinese: *tˤan
Middle Chinese: tan
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sem
great
Old Chinese: *l̥ˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: thajH
half; partial
Old Chinese: *pʰˤe[n]-s
Middle Chinese: phenH
1tortoise
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷə
Middle Chinese: kjuw
2tortoise
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷrə
Middle Chinese: kwij
1penetrate
Old Chinese: *qʰˤraŋ
Middle Chinese: xaeng
2(loan for) to boil
Old Chinese: *[p.qʰ]ˤraŋ
Middle Chinese: phaeng
3sacrificial offering
Old Chinese: *[qʰ]aŋʔ
Middle Chinese: xjangX
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qreŋs
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qeŋ
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: lams
think of
Old Chinese: *nˤim-s
Middle Chinese: nemH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kluɡ
leader (of an army)
Old Chinese: *s-rut-s
Middle Chinese: srwijH
lack (v.)
Old Chinese: *[b](r)[o]p
Middle Chinese: bjop
silk
Old Chinese: *[s]ə
Middle Chinese: si
1southwest corner of a house
Old Chinese: *ʔˤuk-s
Middle Chinese: 'awH
2cove in the bank of a stream
Old Chinese: *ʔ(r)uk
Middle Chinese: 'juwk
prisoner
Old Chinese: *sə.lu
Middle Chinese: zjuw
promise; whisper in one's ear
Old Chinese: *nrep
Middle Chinese: nrjep
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: men
nest
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤraw
Middle Chinese: dzraew
bow (n.)
Old Chinese: *kʷəŋ
Middle Chinese: kjuwng
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ʔslaːd
spine, backbone
Old Chinese: *[ts]ek
Middle Chinese: tsjek
destroy; not have
Old Chinese: *mˤet
Middle Chinese: met
grass, fodder
Old Chinese: *Cə.tsˤə[r]-s
Middle Chinese: tsenH
few
Old Chinese: *[C.k]ʷˤraʔ
Middle Chinese: kwaeX
1arrive
Old Chinese: *tˤ[i]wk
Middle Chinese: tek
2grieved; condole
Old Chinese: *tˤ[e]wk-s
Middle Chinese: tewH
cave, pit
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤi[t]
Middle Chinese: hwet
shoulder (n.)
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤe[n]
Middle Chinese: ken
demolish
Old Chinese: *[m̥](r)ajʔ
Middle Chinese: xjweX
1covet, desire
Old Chinese: *s-N-qa[r]-s
Middle Chinese: zjenH
2surplus, affluence
Old Chinese: *s-[ɢ]a[n]-s
Middle Chinese: zjenH
3extend; go forward
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]a[n]
Middle Chinese: yen
urine
Old Chinese: *kə.nˤewk-s
Middle Chinese: newH
pursue
Old Chinese: *[l]riwk
Middle Chinese: drjuwk
1stop, cease
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤrajʔ
Middle Chinese: beaX
2wear out, exhaust
Old Chinese: *[b]raj
Middle Chinese: bje
foot (measure)
Old Chinese: *tʰAk
Middle Chinese: tsyhek
fear (v.); threaten
Old Chinese: *ʔuj-s
Middle Chinese: 'jw+jH
ashes
Old Chinese: *m̥ˤə
Middle Chinese: xwoj
(surname)
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰˤoŋʔ
Middle Chinese: khuwngX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: rab
cope with
Old Chinese: *nˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: najH
thatch, cover (v.)
Old Chinese: *m-[k]ˤap
Middle Chinese: hap
excess; licentious
Old Chinese: *N.r[ə]m
Middle Chinese: yim
peace
Old Chinese: *nˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: neng
wicked; spicy
Old Chinese: *mə.rˤat (~ C.rˤat ?)
Middle Chinese: lat
shout; name of a state
Old Chinese: *ŋʷˤa
Middle Chinese: ngu
boat
Old Chinese: *tu
Middle Chinese: tsyuw
smoke (v.); vapor, odor
Old Chinese: *qʰu[n]
Middle Chinese: xjun
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kʰloːnʔ
roof tile
Old Chinese: *C.ŋʷˤra[j]ʔ
Middle Chinese: ngwaeX
intercalary month
Old Chinese: *nu[n]-s
Middle Chinese: nywinH
1bushel; ladle
Old Chinese: *tˤoʔ
Middle Chinese: tuwX
2ladle
Old Chinese: *toʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyuX
manipulate, play with
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤoŋ-s
Middle Chinese: luwngH
double, accumulate
Old Chinese: *lˤ[i]p
Middle Chinese: dep
small worm (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *qʷˤen
Middle Chinese: 'wen
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: roːs
5th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *m(r)uʔ-s (~ *m(r)uʔ)
Middle Chinese: muwH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tʰɯɡ
ford (n.)
Old Chinese: *[ts]i[n]
Middle Chinese: tsin
crack (n.)
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰrak
Middle Chinese: khjaek
single
Old Chinese: *tek
Middle Chinese: tsyek
mound, hill
Old Chinese: *[r]əŋ
Middle Chinese: ling
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: lowʔ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: lu
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: lo
1snake
Old Chinese: *pˤra
Middle Chinese: pae
2[place name]
Old Chinese: *pˤra
Middle Chinese: pae
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: dɯːd
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: duːd
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kluː
(place name)
Old Chinese: *s.le
Middle Chinese: sje
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: laːʔ
one
Old Chinese: *ʔi[t]
Middle Chinese: 'jit
one of a pair
Old Chinese: *pʰi[t]
Middle Chinese: phjit
claw
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤ
Middle Chinese: tsraewX
to sacrifice on a following day
Old Chinese: *m.rum (dialect: *-um > *-uŋ)
Middle Chinese: yuwng
cocoon
Old Chinese: *kˤ[e][n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: kenX
big mound
Old Chinese: *[b](r)uʔ
Middle Chinese: bjuwX
1mow, cut (v.)
Old Chinese: *ŋa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: ngjojH
2mow; regulate
Old Chinese: *ŋa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: ngjojH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kʰuːds
cover
Old Chinese: *ʔ(r)omʔ
Middle Chinese: 'jemX
bear (n.)
Old Chinese: *C.[ɢ]ʷ(r)əm
Middle Chinese: hjuwng
hobbled pig (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *tʰrok
Middle Chinese: trhjowk
moon, month
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ʷat
Middle Chinese: ngjwot
1self (adv.)
Old Chinese: *s.[b]i[t]-s
Middle Chinese: dzijH
2to follow; from
Old Chinese: *s.[b]i[t]-s
Middle Chinese: dzijH
sun; day
Old Chinese: *C.nik
Middle Chinese: nyit
1down
Old Chinese: *gˤraʔ
Middle Chinese: haeX
2descend
Old Chinese: *m-gˤraʔ-s
Middle Chinese: haeH
go around
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤəj
Middle Chinese: hwoj
1drawing (n.)
Old Chinese: *C-gʷˤrek-s
Middle Chinese: hweaH
2draw (v.)
Old Chinese: *gʷˤrek
Middle Chinese: hweak
one
Old Chinese: *ʔi[t]
Middle Chinese: 'jit
1after
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤ(r)oʔ
Middle Chinese: huwX
2put after ?
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤ(r)oʔ-s
Middle Chinese: huwH
white silk
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤak-s
Middle Chinese: suH
1strong
Old Chinese: *N-kaŋ
Middle Chinese: gjang
2make an effort
Old Chinese: *m-kaŋʔ
Middle Chinese: gjangX
outside
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ʷˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: ngwajH
lift, rise
Old Chinese: *qʰ(r)əŋ
Middle Chinese: xing
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰaːd
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: baːd
1get rid of
Old Chinese: *[kʰ](r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: khjoX
2depart
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰ(r)ap-s
Middle Chinese: khjoH
1cut up; unloose
Old Chinese: *kˤreʔ
Middle Chinese: keaX
2understand
Old Chinese: *N-kˤreʔ
Middle Chinese: heaX
3=懈 lazy
Old Chinese: *N-kˤreʔ
Middle Chinese: heaX
1work (n.)
Old Chinese: *[m-qʰ](r)[a]p
Middle Chinese: ngjaep
2horizontal board of a bell stand or frame
Old Chinese: *[m-qʰ](r)[a]p
Middle Chinese: ngjaep
3strong, sturdy
Old Chinese: *[ŋ](r)[a]p
Middle Chinese: ngjaep
1(a particle)
Old Chinese: *ŋa[n]
Middle Chinese: ngjon
2I, we
Old Chinese: *ŋa[n]
Middle Chinese: ngjon
3speak; speech
Old Chinese: *ŋa[n]
Middle Chinese: ngjon
4tall
Old Chinese: *ŋa[r]
Middle Chinese: ngjon
tower
Old Chinese: *lˤə
Middle Chinese: doj
1west
Old Chinese: *s-nˤər
Middle Chinese: sej
2west
Old Chinese: *s-nˤər
Middle Chinese: sej
1comfortable; advantageous
Old Chinese: *[b]e[n]-s
Middle Chinese: bjienH
2glib-tongued
Old Chinese: *[b]e[n]
Middle Chinese: bjien
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡaŋʔ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡraŋs
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: l̥ʰuːms
inspect
Old Chinese: *[s]eŋʔ
Middle Chinese: sjengX
respond
Old Chinese: *[t]ˤ[u]p-s
Middle Chinese: twojH
1don't
Old Chinese: *mut
Middle Chinese: mjut
2not ... it
Old Chinese: *mut
Middle Chinese: mjut
1flower (n.)
Old Chinese: *qʷʰˤra
Middle Chinese: xwae
2flower (v.); flowery (adj.)
Old Chinese: *N-qʷʰˤra
Middle Chinese: hwae
3[name of a mountain]
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤra-s
Middle Chinese: hwaeH
man, male
Old Chinese: *nˤ[ə]m
Middle Chinese: nom
twice; a second time
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤə(ʔ)-s
Middle Chinese: tsojH
exist
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤə[n]
Middle Chinese: dzwon
consider
Old Chinese: *[d]ˤa
Middle Chinese: du
strength
Old Chinese: *k.rək
Middle Chinese: lik
boiler
Old Chinese: *ŋar-s
Middle Chinese: ngjonH
1ascend
Old Chinese: *Cə-daŋʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyangX
2to put up
Old Chinese: *m-daŋʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyangX
3top, above (n.)
Old Chinese: *daŋʔ-s
Middle Chinese: dzyangH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kɯɡ
increase
Old Chinese: *q[i]k (dialect: *-ik > *-ek)
Middle Chinese: 'jiek
fragrance
Old Chinese: *qʰaŋ
Middle Chinese: xjang
child
Old Chinese: *ŋe
Middle Chinese: nye
1bird net
Old Chinese: *[r]ut-s
Middle Chinese: lwijH
2norm, standard
Old Chinese: *[r]ut
Middle Chinese: lwit
3lead (v.); commander
Old Chinese: *s-rut-s
Middle Chinese: srwijH
4follow, go along
Old Chinese: *s-rut
Middle Chinese: srwit
hanging musical stone
Old Chinese: *[C.qʰ]ˤeŋ-s
Middle Chinese: khengH
eye
Old Chinese: *C.m(r)[u]k
Middle Chinese: mjuwk
mouth
Old Chinese: *kʰˤ(r)oʔ
Middle Chinese: khuwX
south
Old Chinese: *nˤ[ə]m
Middle Chinese: nom
year
Old Chinese: *s-qʷʰat-s
Middle Chinese: sjwejH
1great
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤraʔ
Middle Chinese: haeX
2summer
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤraʔ (~ *[g]ˤraʔ-s)
Middle Chinese: haeH
weapon
Old Chinese: *praŋ
Middle Chinese: pjaeng
color; countenance
Old Chinese: *s.rək
Middle Chinese: srik
tree, wood
Old Chinese: *C.mˤok
Middle Chinese: muwk
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tjuŋ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tjuŋs
raise a mound; enfeoff
Old Chinese: *p(r)oŋ
Middle Chinese: pjowng
punish
Old Chinese: *[b][a]t
Middle Chinese: bjot
pendants of a banner
Old Chinese: *[N.]ru
Middle Chinese: yuw
a long time
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷəʔ
Middle Chinese: kjuwX
troubled
Old Chinese: *[b]a[n]
Middle Chinese: bjon
1palace
Old Chinese: *[N-t]ˤə[n]-s
Middle Chinese: denH
2rear (building, army unit)
Old Chinese: *tˤə[n]-s
Middle Chinese: tenH
3palace, hall
Old Chinese: *tˤə[n]-s
Middle Chinese: tenH
another
Old Chinese: *l̥ˤaj
Middle Chinese: tha
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: reːŋ
1frontier
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤək-s
Middle Chinese: sojH
2pass (n.)
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤək-s
Middle Chinese: sojH
3stop up, block (v.)
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤək
Middle Chinese: sok
eyebrow
Old Chinese: *mr[ə][r]
Middle Chinese: mij
beg, ask
Old Chinese: *C.qʰət
Middle Chinese: khj+t
dark
Old Chinese: *mˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: meng
Chinese acre
Old Chinese: *məʔ (< *mˤoʔ ?)
Middle Chinese: muwX
custom
Old Chinese: *kˤro[n]-s
Middle Chinese: kwaenH
1hostage; gift
Old Chinese: *[t]
Middle Chinese: trijH
2substance, solid part
Old Chinese: *t-lit
Middle Chinese: tsyit
model, law
Old Chinese: *[p.k]ap
Middle Chinese: pjop
dwelling; palace; note of scale
Old Chinese: *k(r)uŋ
Middle Chinese: kjuwng
a well
Old Chinese: *C.tseŋʔ
Middle Chinese: tsjengX
The characters in these groups have no pronunciations based on ancient Chinese.
These groups have only a single pronunciation shared by all characters in the group, making them the easiest to learn and remember.
1square
Old Chinese: *C-paŋ
Middle Chinese: pjang
2method
Old Chinese: *paŋ
Middle Chinese: pjang
3just, then
Old Chinese: *paŋ
Middle Chinese: pjang
give
Old Chinese: *p(r)o-s
Middle Chinese: pjuH
1modal particle
Old Chinese: *gə
Middle Chinese: gi
2(3p possessive)
Old Chinese: *gə
Middle Chinese: gi
master; host
Old Chinese: *toʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyuX
return
Old Chinese: *m-p(r)uk
Middle Chinese: bjuwk
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pruː
1to become (v.i.)
Old Chinese: *[d]eŋ
Middle Chinese: dzyeng
2to complete (tr. v)
Old Chinese: *m-[d]eŋ
Middle Chinese: dzyeng
talent, ability
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤə
Middle Chinese: dzoj
dawn
Old Chinese: *tˤan-s
Middle Chinese: tanH
1leather
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷə[j]
Middle Chinese: hjw+j
2go against
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷə[j]
Middle Chinese: hjw+j
1curved
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤ(r)o
Middle Chinese: kuw
2loan for 彀 draw a bow to the full
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤ(r)ok-s
Middle Chinese: kuwH
3phrase
Old Chinese: *[k](r)o-s
Middle Chinese: kjuH
flat and thin
Old Chinese: *pˤe[r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: penX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ʔslɯː
1go to
Old Chinese: *tə
Middle Chinese: tsyi
2(3p object pronoun; attributive particle)
Old Chinese: *tə
Middle Chinese: tsyi
invade
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ][i]m
Middle Chinese: tshim
transform
Old Chinese: *qʷʰˤ
Middle Chinese: xwaeH
prognosticate
Old Chinese: *tem
Middle Chinese: tsyem
together, join
Old Chinese: *lˤoŋ
Middle Chinese: duwng
official (n.)
Old Chinese: *kʷˤa[n]
Middle Chinese: kwan
1small; almost
Old Chinese: *kəj
Middle Chinese: kj+j
2few; how many
Old Chinese: *kəjʔ
Middle Chinese: kj+jX
seek
Old Chinese: *[g](r)u
Middle Chinese: gjuw
gate, door
Old Chinese: *mˤə[r]
Middle Chinese: mwon
1tshang-kaeng 'oriole'
Old Chinese: *[s.r̥]ˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: tshang
2granary
Old Chinese: *tsʰˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: tshang
1spring, source; origin
Old Chinese: *N-ɢʷar
Middle Chinese: ngjwon
2high plain (n.)
Old Chinese: *N-ɢʷar
Middle Chinese: ngjwon
1time, season
Old Chinese: *[g]rə[r]
Middle Chinese: gin
2(a kind of vegetable)
Old Chinese: *kə[r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: kj+nX
3clay
Old Chinese: *[g]rə[r]
Middle Chinese: gin
a vein of water (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *k.lˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: keng
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: b·roːɡ
long (time)
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷraŋʔ
Middle Chinese: hjwaengX
1mutually
Old Chinese: *[s]aŋ
Middle Chinese: sjang
2appearance, quality
Old Chinese: *[s]aŋ-s
Middle Chinese: sjangH
leaping flames (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *pʰew
Middle Chinese: phjiew
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ŋo
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ŋos
end, in the end
Old Chinese: *[k]raŋʔ-s
Middle Chinese: kjaengH
1gather, pluck
Old Chinese: *s.r̥ˤəʔ
Middle Chinese: tshojX
2colorful
Old Chinese: *s.r̥ˤəʔ
Middle Chinese: tshojX
1long (adj.)
Old Chinese: *Cə-[N]-traŋ
Middle Chinese: drjang
2grow; elder
Old Chinese: *traŋʔ
Middle Chinese: trjangX
1odd (number)
Old Chinese: *[k](r)aj
Middle Chinese: kje
2strange
Old Chinese: *N-k(r)aj
Middle Chinese: gje
run (v.)
Old Chinese: *pˤur
Middle Chinese: pwon
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: klaːŋ
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡaʔ
destroy; worn out
Old Chinese: *[b]e[t]-s
Middle Chinese: bjiejH
respectful
Old Chinese: *kreŋ(ʔ)-s
Middle Chinese: kjaengH
1Western tribes
Old Chinese: *tˤij
Middle Chinese: tej
2bottom
Old Chinese: *tˤijʔ
Middle Chinese: tejX
1low, humble
Old Chinese: *pe
Middle Chinese: pjie
2鮮卑 *s[a]r.pe Xiānbēi
Old Chinese: *pe
Middle Chinese: pjie
lord; ruler
Old Chinese: *C.qur
Middle Chinese: kjun
sing; song
Old Chinese: *law
Middle Chinese: yew
receive
Old Chinese: *[d]uʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyuwX
name
Old Chinese: *C.meŋ
Middle Chinese: mjieng
officer; gentleman
Old Chinese: *[m-s-]rəʔ
Middle Chinese: dzriX
1man
Old Chinese: *p(r)a
Middle Chinese: pju
2this, that
Old Chinese: *[b]a
Middle Chinese: bju
3final particle
Old Chinese: *ba
Middle Chinese: bju
1peace(ful)
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]ˤa[n]
Middle Chinese: 'an
2how
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]ˤa[n]
Middle Chinese: 'an
3安息 Ānxī (Iranian country in the western regions, W. Hàn; from Aršaka = Arsaces, founder of the Arsacid dynasty)
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]ˤa[n]
Middle Chinese: 'an
1shoot; archer
Old Chinese: *Cə.lAk-s
Middle Chinese: zyaeH
2hit with bow and arrow
Old Chinese: *Cə.lAk
Middle Chinese: zyek
set up, establish
Old Chinese: *[k]a[n]-s
Middle Chinese: kjonH
younger brother
Old Chinese: *lˤəjʔ
Middle Chinese: dejX
dusk, dark
Old Chinese: *m̥ˤu[n]
Middle Chinese: xwon
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰaːʔ
bind; bundle
Old Chinese: *s-tʰok
Middle Chinese: syowk
fruit; result
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤo[r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: kwaX
1change; hexagram
Old Chinese: *N-kˤraw
Middle Chinese: haew
2change; hexagram
Old Chinese: *N-kˤraw
Middle Chinese: haew
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: reːɡ
important
Old Chinese: *[q]ew(k)-s
Middle Chinese: 'jiewH
1eat
Old Chinese: *mə-lək
Middle Chinese: zyik
2feed (v.)
Old Chinese: *s-m-lək-s
Middle Chinese: ziH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: zloŋ
arrange, provide
Old Chinese: *[g](r)o-s
Middle Chinese: gjuH
edge of a blade
Old Chinese: *nə[n]-s
Middle Chinese: nyinH
sharp; profit
Old Chinese: *C.ri[t]-s
Middle Chinese: lijH
cut out, prepare
Old Chinese: *tet-s
Middle Chinese: tsyejH
(a measure)
Old Chinese: *qˤ(r)o
Middle Chinese: 'uw
1accumulate
Old Chinese: r̥ˤəʔ
Middle Chinese: tshom
2參差 tsrhim.tsrhje uneven
Old Chinese: *[tsʰr][u]m
Middle Chinese: tsrhim
3three
Old Chinese: *s.rum (*s.r- > s-; infl. by 四 *s-?)
Middle Chinese: sam
4the constellation Orion’ (named for the three stars in Orion’s belt)
Old Chinese: *srum (should be *s.rum)
Middle Chinese: srim
borrow
Old Chinese: *Cə.kˤraʔ
Middle Chinese: kaeX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: saːws
9th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *n[ə]m
Middle Chinese: nyim
thumb; inch
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ˤu[n]-s
Middle Chinese: tshwonH
thin, sparse
Old Chinese: *qʰəj
Middle Chinese: xj+j
1distinguish; punctiious
Old Chinese: *[b]en
Middle Chinese: bjien
2even (adj.)
Old Chinese: *breŋ
Middle Chinese: bjaeng
3make even
Old Chinese: *m-breŋ
Middle Chinese: bjaeng
examine
Old Chinese: *trəŋ
Middle Chinese: tring
grief, grieved
Old Chinese: *ʔ(r)u
Middle Chinese: 'juw
be on guard
Old Chinese: *kˤrək-s (~ kˤrək)
Middle Chinese: keajH
1distant
Old Chinese: *mˤa[n]-s
Middle Chinese: manH
2extended, long
Old Chinese: *ma[n]-s
Middle Chinese: mjonH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: l'ud
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɦljud
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: koːn
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: koːns
1compare
Old Chinese: *C.pijʔ
Middle Chinese: pjijX
2combine; all
Old Chinese: *pij-s
Middle Chinese: pjijH
1not have
Old Chinese: *ma
Middle Chinese: mju
2volitional prefix
Old Chinese: *ma
Middle Chinese: mju
3don’t
Old Chinese: *mo
Middle Chinese: mju
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɢʷal
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɢʷal
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɢʷals
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: boːd
1domesticated animals
Old Chinese: *qʰ
Middle Chinese: trhjuwH
2store (v.)
Old Chinese: *qʰ
Middle Chinese: trhjuwk
3domestic animal
Old Chinese: *qʰuk-s
Middle Chinese: xjuwH
4nourish
Old Chinese: *qʰuk
Middle Chinese: xjuwk
1show (v.)
Old Chinese: *s-gijʔ-s
Middle Chinese: zyijH
2put (= 寘)
Old Chinese: *ke-s
Middle Chinese: tsyeH
bind (v.)
Old Chinese: *[m]-kˤek-s
Middle Chinese: hejH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: njen
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: praːn
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: paːn
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: baːn
long robe
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷa[n]
Middle Chinese: hjwon
elephant
Old Chinese: *s.[d]aŋʔ
Middle Chinese: zjangX
cowry shell
Old Chinese: *pˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: pajH
buy
Old Chinese: *mˤrajʔ
Middle Chinese: meaX
1uniform, equal
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤəj
Middle Chinese: dzej
2Qí (place name)
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤəj
Middle Chinese: dzej
lift high
Old Chinese: *k-ŋˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: kang
feudal lord
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤ(r)o
Middle Chinese: huw
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: lu
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: lum
with united forces
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤep
Middle Chinese: hep
superintend
Old Chinese: *s-lə
Middle Chinese: si
1sit
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤo[j]ʔ
Middle Chinese: dzwaX
2to set
Old Chinese: *m-[dz]ˤo[j]ʔ
Middle Chinese: dzwaX
3seat n.
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤo[j]ʔ-s
Middle Chinese: dzwaH
who
Old Chinese: *[d]uk
Middle Chinese: dzyuwk
courtyard
Old Chinese: *lˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: deng
east
Old Chinese: *tˤoŋ (< *tˤoŋʔ ?)
Middle Chinese: tuwng
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰoms
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: bom
brilliant; distinctive mark; to display
Old Chinese: *taŋ
Middle Chinese: tsyang
stomach
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷə[t]-s
Middle Chinese: hjw+jH
assist
Old Chinese: *tsˤarʔ-s
Middle Chinese: tsanH
criminals accusing one another (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *prenʔ
Middle Chinese: pjenX
1measure (v.)
Old Chinese: *[r]aŋ
Middle Chinese: ljang
2measure (n.)
Old Chinese: *[r]aŋ-s
Middle Chinese: ljangH
1arrange
Old Chinese: *lri[n]
Middle Chinese: drin
2battle array
Old Chinese: *lri[n]-s
Middle Chinese: drinH
interval, short while
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷʰeŋʔ
Middle Chinese: khjwiengX
islet in stream; province
Old Chinese: *tu
Middle Chinese: tsyuw
1remove
Old Chinese: *s-naŋ
Middle Chinese: sjang
2Xiāng (personal name)
Old Chinese: *s-naŋ
Middle Chinese: sjang
1(Q particle)
Old Chinese: *ɢˤa
Middle Chinese: hu
2in, at
Old Chinese: *ɢˤa
Middle Chinese: hu
unlucky
Old Chinese: *qʰ(r)oŋ
Middle Chinese: xjowng
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: nuːʔ
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰɯʔ
Middle Chinese: pʰuʔ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰl'oːs
Middle Chinese: tʰoːs
high, tall
Old Chinese: *[N-k](r)aw
Middle Chinese: gjew
hang down
Old Chinese: *[d]o[j]
Middle Chinese: dzywe
war expedition; service
Old Chinese: *ɢʷek
Middle Chinese: ywek
5th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *m(r)uʔ-s (~ *m(r)uʔ)
Middle Chinese: muwH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tʰjaŋ
set of cowries; friend
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤəŋ
Middle Chinese: bong
join, unite
Old Chinese: *m-rˤəp
Middle Chinese: dop
1oh!
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]ˤa
Middle Chinese: 'u
2crow, raven; black
Old Chinese: *qˤa
Middle Chinese: 'u
3烏桓, 烏丸 Wūhuán: Avars (W. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *ʔˤa
Middle Chinese: 'u
vessel, bowl
Old Chinese: *mraŋʔ
Middle Chinese: mjaengX
turn around, return
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤ
Middle Chinese: hwaen
millet or rice grains, dehusked and polished
Old Chinese: *(C.)mˤ[e]jʔ
Middle Chinese: mejX
1district
Old Chinese: *Cə.[g]ʷˤe[n]-s
Middle Chinese: hwenH
2suspend
Old Chinese: *[g]ʷˤe[n]
Middle Chinese: hwen
1[surname]
Old Chinese: *C.ra[n]
Middle Chinese: ljen
2connect in a row
Old Chinese: *[r]a[n]
Middle Chinese: ljen
(place and family name)
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰrak
Middle Chinese: khjaek
metal, bronze
Old Chinese: *k(r)[ə]m
Middle Chinese: kim
intercalary month
Old Chinese: *nu[n]-s
Middle Chinese: nywinH
These groups contain only 1 exceptional character pronunciation.
14th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *tˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: teng
2nail (n.)
Old Chinese: *tˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: teng
3sound of beating
Old Chinese: *tˤreŋ
Middle Chinese: treang
11st (month)
Old Chinese: *C.teŋ
Middle Chinese: tsyeng
2correct (adj., v.)
Old Chinese: *teŋ-s
Middle Chinese: tsyengH
16th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *k(r)əʔ
Middle Chinese: kiX
2self
Old Chinese: *k(r)əʔ
Middle Chinese: kiX
God
Old Chinese: *tˤek-s
Middle Chinese: tejH
great number
Old Chinese: *lr[a]wʔ
Middle Chinese: drjewX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰoŋ
five
Old Chinese: *C.ŋˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: nguX
cross (v.)
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤraw
Middle Chinese: kaew
1divide
Old Chinese: *pə[n]
Middle Chinese: pjun
2alloted duty
Old Chinese: *[m]-pə[n]-s
Middle Chinese: bjunH
scribe
Old Chinese: *s-rəʔ
Middle Chinese: sriX
exclusively
Old Chinese: *ton
Middle Chinese: tsywen
9th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *l̥i[n]
Middle Chinese: syin
tear apart; rank
Old Chinese: *[r][e]t
Middle Chinese: ljet
half
Old Chinese: *pˤan-s
Middle Chinese: panH
also, in addition
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷəʔ-s
Middle Chinese: hjuwH
reach to
Old Chinese: *[m-k-]rəp
Middle Chinese: gip
this
Old Chinese: *[d]eʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyeX
1lodge (v.)
Old Chinese: *[s-n̥]i[j]-s
Middle Chinese: tshijH
2put in order; second
Old Chinese: *[s-n̥]i[j]-s
Middle Chinese: tshijH
li (measure of distance); village
Old Chinese: *(mə.)rəʔ
Middle Chinese: liX
only
Old Chinese: *ɢʷij (< *ɢʷuj?)
Middle Chinese: ywij
1dwarf
Old Chinese: *to
Middle Chinese: tsyu
2red
Old Chinese: *to
Middle Chinese: tsyu
tooth
Old Chinese: *m-ɢˤ
Middle Chinese: ngae
1center
Old Chinese: *truŋ
Middle Chinese: trjuwng
2hit the center
Old Chinese: *truŋ-s
Middle Chinese: trjuwngH
suddenly
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤrak-s
Middle Chinese: dzraeH
nine
Old Chinese: *[k]uʔ
Middle Chinese: kjuwX
(other) person
Old Chinese: *ni[ŋ]
Middle Chinese: nyin
1don't
Old Chinese: *mut
Middle Chinese: mjut
2not ... it
Old Chinese: *mut
Middle Chinese: mjut
all; everywhere
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤr[ə]m
Middle Chinese: heam
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: shroːŋ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: shloːŋ
earth
Old Chinese: *tʰˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: thuX
11st earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[ts]əʔ
Middle Chinese: tsiX
2child; gentleman, master
Old Chinese: *tsəʔ
Middle Chinese: tsiX
1not yet
Old Chinese: *m[ə]t-s
Middle Chinese: mj+jH
28th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *m[ə]t-s
Middle Chinese: mj+jH
1martial
Old Chinese: *pˤar
Middle Chinese: pa
2a turn, a time
Old Chinese: *pʰar
Middle Chinese: phjon
1sacrifice
Old Chinese: *[ts]et-s
Middle Chinese: tsjejH
2(name of a state)
Old Chinese: *[ts](ˤ)re[t]-s
Middle Chinese: tsreajH
1pungent; painful
Old Chinese: *[s]i[n]
Middle Chinese: sin
28th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *si[n]
Middle Chinese: sin
12th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤəʔ
Middle Chinese: hojX
add
Old Chinese: *kˤraj
Middle Chinese: kae
1take
Old Chinese: *tsʰˤoʔ
Middle Chinese: tshuwX
2take
Old Chinese: *tsʰoʔ
Middle Chinese: tshjuX
3take (a wife)
Old Chinese: *[ts]ʰoʔ-s
Middle Chinese: tshjuH
divide, make a breach
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷˤret-s
Middle Chinese: kwaejH
drag, trail (v.)
Old Chinese: *[r]o
Middle Chinese: lju
1left (side)
Old Chinese: *tsˤa[j]ʔ
Middle Chinese: tsaX
2assist
Old Chinese: *tsˤa[j]ʔ
Middle Chinese: tsaX
3assist
Old Chinese: *tsˤarʔ-s
Middle Chinese: tsaH
1(negation)
Old Chinese: *p[u]t
Middle Chinese: pjut
2gust of wind
Old Chinese: *put
Middle Chinese: pjut
3writing brush (pron. in Yān 燕, ap. Shuōwén, E. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *put
Middle Chinese: pjut
thought (n.)
Old Chinese: *ʔ(r)ək-s
Middle Chinese: 'iH
adhere (?)
Old Chinese: *tək
Middle Chinese: tsyik
1support, hold up
Old Chinese: *ke
Middle Chinese: tsye
2branch (of tree), limb
Old Chinese: *ke
Middle Chinese: tsye
axe; catty
Old Chinese: *[k]ər
Middle Chinese: kj+n
burn, blazing
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷ(r)am
Middle Chinese: hjem
dazzle
Old Chinese: *[N]-qʷˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: hweng
dark
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤi[n]
Middle Chinese: hwen
foot
Old Chinese: *sra
Middle Chinese: srjo
1a kind of sacrificial vessel
Old Chinese: *k-tˤəŋ
Middle Chinese: tong
2ascend
Old Chinese: *tˤəŋ
Middle Chinese: tong
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ʔljin
Middle Chinese: tjin
a kind of lance
Old Chinese: *m(r)u
Middle Chinese: mjuw
growing grain
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤoj
Middle Chinese: hwa
sage (n.)
Old Chinese: *l̥eŋ-s
Middle Chinese: syengH
1clothes
Old Chinese: *ʔ(r)əj
Middle Chinese: 'j+j
2wear (v.t.)
Old Chinese: *ʔ(r)əj-s
Middle Chinese: 'j+jH
1head
Old Chinese: *l̥uʔ
Middle Chinese: syuwX
2turn the head towards
Old Chinese: *l̥uʔ-s
Middle Chinese: syuwH
say
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷə[r]
Middle Chinese: hjun
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: run
avoid
Old Chinese: *mr[o][r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: mjenX
1even, uniform
Old Chinese: *[N-q]ʷi[n]
Middle Chinese: ywin
2little, few (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷi[ŋ]
Middle Chinese: ywin
rely on
Old Chinese: *ʔi[n]
Middle Chinese: 'jin
1why, what
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤe (dial. for 何 *[g]ˤaj?)
Middle Chinese: hej
2slave, servant
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤe
Middle Chinese: hej
6th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *s-[ɢ]əʔ
Middle Chinese: ziX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kɯds
1(morning) audience at court
Old Chinese: *m-t
Middle Chinese: drjew
2morning
Old Chinese: *t
Middle Chinese: trjew
so and so; a certain
Old Chinese: *məʔ
Middle Chinese: muwX
go along (a river); follow
Old Chinese: *lon
Middle Chinese: ywen
arrow
Old Chinese: *l̥i[j]ʔ
Middle Chinese: syijX
1village; district
Old Chinese: *qʰaŋ
Middle Chinese: xjang
2feast
Old Chinese: *qʰaŋʔ
Middle Chinese: xjangX
3to face
Old Chinese: *qʰaŋ-s
Middle Chinese: xjangH
ghost
Old Chinese: *k-ʔujʔ
Middle Chinese: kjw+jX
black
Old Chinese: *m̥ˤək (dialect *m̥ˤ- > xˤ-)
Middle Chinese: xok
twist (v.)
Old Chinese: *k-riw (dialect: *k-r- > *kr-)
Middle Chinese: kjiw
combine; at the same time
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤem
Middle Chinese: kem
fish (n.)
Old Chinese: *[r.ŋ]a
Middle Chinese: ngjo
1see (v.)
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤen-s
Middle Chinese: kenH
2appear
Old Chinese: *N-[k]ˤen-s
Middle Chinese: henH
3cause to appear, introduce
Old Chinese: *m-[k]ˤen-s
Middle Chinese: henH
These groups have at least 4 characters and only 2 pronunciations.
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: braːn
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: zaŋ
skin
Old Chinese: *m-[p](r)aj
Middle Chinese: bje
1dignified, grand
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤranʔ
Middle Chinese: baenX
2reverse (v.)
Old Chinese: *Cə.panʔ
Middle Chinese: pjonX
sheep
Old Chinese: *ɢaŋ
Middle Chinese: yang
may; acceptable
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰˤa[j]ʔ
Middle Chinese: khaX
we, I
Old Chinese: *ŋˤajʔ
Middle Chinese: ngaX
all; many
Old Chinese: *s.qʰ[a]m (dialect: *s.qʰ > MC tsh-)
Middle Chinese: tshjem
1end (v.)
Old Chinese: *ʔaŋ
Middle Chinese: 'jang
2center (n.)
Old Chinese: *ʔaŋ
Middle Chinese: 'jang
is not
Old Chinese: *pəj
Middle Chinese: pj+j
high, tall
Old Chinese: *Cə.[k]ˤaw
Middle Chinese: kaw
select, distinguish
Old Chinese: *kˤr[a]nʔ
Middle Chinese: keanX
These groups have at least 4 characters and only 3 pronunciations.
1upwards
Old Chinese: *[d]aŋ-s
Middle Chinese: dzyangH
2still, yet
Old Chinese: *[d]aŋ-s
Middle Chinese: dzyangH
1there is no X such that X …
Old Chinese: *mˤak
Middle Chinese: mak
2deliberate (v.) (loan)
Old Chinese: *mˤak
Middle Chinese: mak
white
Old Chinese: *bˤrak
Middle Chinese: baek
together, all
Old Chinese: *N-k(r)oŋʔ-s
Middle Chinese: gjowngH
use (v.)
Old Chinese: *loŋ-s
Middle Chinese: yowngH
1[final particle]
Old Chinese: *tsa
Middle Chinese: tsjo
2moreover
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]Aʔ
Middle Chinese: tshjaeX
1脊令 tsjek.leng (a kind of water bird)
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤiŋ
Middle Chinese: leng
2send (a person)
Old Chinese: *riŋ
Middle Chinese: ljeng
3issue a command
Old Chinese: *riŋ-s
Middle Chinese: ljengH
1(adverb indicating past time)
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤəŋ
Middle Chinese: dzong
2remote (ancestor)
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤəŋ
Middle Chinese: tsong
small
Old Chinese: *[s]ewʔ
Middle Chinese: sjewX
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: neb
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: laːɡ
1inspect
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤram
Middle Chinese: kaem
2mirror
Old Chinese: *kˤram-s
Middle Chinese: kaemH
1impartial, just; public
Old Chinese: *C.qˤoŋ
Middle Chinese: kuwng
2father; prince
Old Chinese: *C.qˤoŋ
Middle Chinese: kuwng
good
Old Chinese: *[r]aŋ
Middle Chinese: ljang
kill; cruel
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤa[n]
Middle Chinese: dzan
5th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[d]ər
Middle Chinese: dzyin
3d heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *praŋʔ
Middle Chinese: pjaengX
I, me
Old Chinese: *lə
Middle Chinese: yi
shoot arrow with string attached
Old Chinese: *lək
Middle Chinese: yik
necessarily
Old Chinese: *pi[t]
Middle Chinese: pjit
1some; or
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤək
Middle Chinese: hwok
2territory
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷrək
Middle Chinese: hwik
army; camp
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷər
Middle Chinese: kjun
110th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *N-ruʔ
Middle Chinese: yuwX
2wine
Old Chinese: *N-ruʔ
Middle Chinese: yuwX
3old
Old Chinese: *N-ruʔ
Middle Chinese: yuwX
1go; at
Old Chinese: *ɢʷ(r)a
Middle Chinese: hju
2單于 chányú: Xiōngnú ruler (W. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *ɦʷa (< *ɢʷ(r)a)
Middle Chinese: hju
well (n.)
Old Chinese: *C.tseŋʔ
Middle Chinese: tsjengX
head; first
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]o[r] (< nasal + uvular)
Middle Chinese: ngjwon
1then
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤək
Middle Chinese: tsok
2rule, pattern
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤək
Middle Chinese: tsok
1circle; round
Old Chinese: *ɢʷ
Middle Chinese: hjwen
2(a particle)
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷə[n]
Middle Chinese: hjun
1accumulate
Old Chinese: *[d]ˤun
Middle Chinese: dwon
2difficult
Old Chinese: *trun
Middle Chinese: trwin
7th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *kˤraŋ
Middle Chinese: kaeng
numerous; commoner
Old Chinese: *s-tak-s
Middle Chinese: syoH
follow; from
Old Chinese: *l[u]
Middle Chinese: yuw
fullness
Old Chinese: *[b]ək
Middle Chinese: bjuwk
1bean
Old Chinese: *[N.t]ˤo-s
Middle Chinese: duwH
2vessel with a neck
Old Chinese: *[d]ˤok-s
Middle Chinese: duwH
heron
Old Chinese: *C.qʷˤar-s
Middle Chinese: kwanH
stream, river
Old Chinese: *t.l̥u[n] (MC -jwen is irregular)
Middle Chinese: tsyhwen
1solitary standing (sc. tree)
Old Chinese: *[d]ˤet-s
Middle Chinese: dejH
2bend (v.i.)
Old Chinese: *N-tet
Middle Chinese: dzyet
3bend; break (v.t.)
Old Chinese: *tet
Middle Chinese: tsyet
give
Old Chinese: *m-q(r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: yoX
4th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *mˤruʔ
Middle Chinese: maewX
These groups have at least 4 characters and share at least 1 pronunciation among all the contained characters.
1bear, be born; live
Old Chinese: *sreŋ (MC srj- > sr-; or *s.reŋ ?)
Middle Chinese: sraeng
2fresh, raw
Old Chinese: *sreŋ
Middle Chinese: sraeng
3bear, be born; live
Old Chinese: *sreŋ (or *s.reŋ ?)
Middle Chinese: srjaeng
1sg., prob. a polite form
Old Chinese: *la
Middle Chinese: yo
ancient
Old Chinese: *kˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: kuX
1officer
Old Chinese: *kˤoŋ
Middle Chinese: kuwng
2work
Old Chinese: *kˤoŋ
Middle Chinese: kuwng
flee; disappear; die
Old Chinese: *maŋ
Middle Chinese: mjang
each
Old Chinese: *kˤak
Middle Chinese: kak
now
Old Chinese: *[k]r[ə]m
Middle Chinese: kim
(nominalizing particle)
Old Chinese: *tAʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyaeX
knife
Old Chinese: *C.tˤaw
Middle Chinese: taw
1pole
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤar
Middle Chinese: kan
2shield (n.)
Old Chinese: *kˤa[r]
Middle Chinese: kan
3piece, item
Old Chinese: *kˤar
Middle Chinese: kan
4(placename)
Old Chinese: *kˤar
Middle Chinese: kan
bright
Old Chinese: *laŋ
Middle Chinese: yang
hall
Old Chinese: *s-[d]əʔ-s
Middle Chinese: ziH
1female
Old Chinese: *nraʔ
Middle Chinese: nrjoX
2give as a wife
Old Chinese: *nraʔ-s
Middle Chinese: nrjoH
sharp point, thorn
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ek-s
Middle Chinese: tshjeH
mother
Old Chinese: *məʔ (? or *mˤoʔ)
Middle Chinese: muwX
valley
Old Chinese: *C.qˤok
Middle Chinese: kuwk
hill; capital city
Old Chinese: *[k]raŋ
Middle Chinese: kjaeng
1begin
Old Chinese: *p(r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: pjuX
2great
Old Chinese: *praʔ
Middle Chinese: pjuX
1repeat; double
Old Chinese: *[m]-troŋ
Middle Chinese: drjowng
2heavy
Old Chinese: *N-t
Middle Chinese: drjowngX
3weight (n.)
Old Chinese: *N-t
Middle Chinese: drjowngH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kɯːns
1passage; opening
Old Chinese: *lˤot-s
Middle Chinese: dwajH
2glad
Old Chinese: *lˤot-s
Middle Chinese: dwajH
caterpillar; Shu [place name]
Old Chinese: *[d]ok
Middle Chinese: dzyowk
(final particle)
Old Chinese: *lAjʔ
Middle Chinese: yaeX
pulse, beans
Old Chinese: *s.tuk
Middle Chinese: syuwk
straight
Old Chinese: *N-t
Middle Chinese: drik
in the past
Old Chinese: *[s]Ak
Middle Chinese: sjek
jade scepter
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷˤe
Middle Chinese: kwej
These groups have less than 4 characters but still share at least 1 pronunciation among all the contained characters.
1violent
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤawk-s
Middle Chinese: bawH
2expose to sun
Old Chinese: *m-pˤawk
Middle Chinese: buwk
There are no shared pronunciations in these groups. However, the pronunciations are still related, since they have a common ancestor in ancient Chinese.
tiger
Old Chinese: *qʰˤra (dialect *qˤʰr- >r̥ˤ- > x-)
Middle Chinese: xu
1together; put together; combined
Old Chinese: *kˤop
Middle Chinese: kop
2come together; bring together
Old Chinese: *m-kˤop
Middle Chinese: hop
1單于 chányú: Xiōngnú ruler (W. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *dar (< *[d]ar)
Middle Chinese: dzyen
2single, simple
Old Chinese: *Cə.tˤar
Middle Chinese: tan
arrive
Old Chinese: *ti[t]-s
Middle Chinese: tsyijH
1I, we
Old Chinese: *laʔ
Middle Chinese: yo
2give; together with
Old Chinese: *laʔ
Middle Chinese: yoX
slave, subject
Old Chinese: *[g]i[ŋ]
Middle Chinese: dzyin
go against
Old Chinese: *ŋrak
Middle Chinese: ngjaek
in every case
Old Chinese: *[b]rom
Middle Chinese: bjom
1go or come out
Old Chinese: *t-kʰut
Middle Chinese: tsyhwit
2bring or take out
Old Chinese: *t-kʰut-s
Middle Chinese: tsyhwijH
17th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[m].qʰˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: nguX
2resist; cross-wise
Old Chinese: *m-qʰˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: nguX
1egg
Old Chinese: *k.rˤorʔ (dialect: *-r > *-j)
Middle Chinese: lwaX
2egg
Old Chinese: *k.rˤorʔ
Middle Chinese: lwanX
cut off
Old Chinese: *[ts]ramʔ
Middle Chinese: tsreamX
generation
Old Chinese: *l̥ap-s
Middle Chinese: syejH
1armpit
Old Chinese: *[ɢ](r)Ak
Middle Chinese: yek
2also
Old Chinese: *ɢ(r)Ak
Middle Chinese: yek
full, fill
Old Chinese: *tʰuŋ
Middle Chinese: tsyhuwng
1ladle (n.)
Old Chinese: *m-tewk
Middle Chinese: dzyak
2ladle (v.)
Old Chinese: *tewk
Middle Chinese: tsyak
to manifest
Old Chinese: *lreŋ
Middle Chinese: drjeng
1announce, inform
Old Chinese: *kˤuk-s
Middle Chinese: kawH
2announce, inform
Old Chinese: *kˤuk
Middle Chinese: kowk
1circumstances; setting
Old Chinese: *ŋ̊et-s
Middle Chinese: syejH
2to plant
Old Chinese: *ŋet-s (MC I!)
Middle Chinese: ngjiejH
many
Old Chinese: *[t.l]ˤaj
Middle Chinese: ta
1be hurt (v.i.); injury (n.)
Old Chinese: *N-kˤat-s
Middle Chinese: hajH
2hurt (v.t.)
Old Chinese: *m-kˤat-s
Middle Chinese: hajH
place where
Old Chinese: *liw
Middle Chinese: yuw
stand (v.)
Old Chinese: *k.rəp
Middle Chinese: lip
1disappear
Old Chinese: *[s]ew
Middle Chinese: sjew
2resemble
Old Chinese: *[s]ew-s
Middle Chinese: sjewH
catch, get
Old Chinese: *m-qʷˤrak
Middle Chinese: hweak
ritual vessel
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤijʔ
Middle Chinese: lejX
1replenish
Old Chinese: *[ts]ok-s
Middle Chinese: tsjuH
2sufficient
Old Chinese: *[ts]ok
Middle Chinese: tsjowk
3foot
Old Chinese: *[ts]ok
Middle Chinese: tsjowk
1not
Old Chinese: *pə
Middle Chinese: pjuw
2不律 writing brush (pron. in Wú 吳 ap. Shuōwén; E. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *pə
Middle Chinese: pjuw
divine (v.)
Old Chinese: *pˤok
Middle Chinese: puwk
dare
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤamʔ
Middle Chinese: kamX
1scorch, burn
Old Chinese: *n̥ˤarʔ
Middle Chinese: xanX
2dry
Old Chinese: *[qʰ]ˤarʔ-s
Middle Chinese: xanH
there, then, thereupon
Old Chinese: *ɢʷa[n]
Middle Chinese: hjwon
1king
Old Chinese: *ɢʷaŋ
Middle Chinese: hjwang
2be king
Old Chinese: *ɢʷaŋ-s
Middle Chinese: hjwangH
to flower
Old Chinese: *[s-l]u(ʔ)-s
Middle Chinese: sjuwH
bamboo
Old Chinese: *truk
Middle Chinese: trjuwk
seven
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]i[t]
Middle Chinese: tshit
armour; scale of animals
Old Chinese: *kˤr[e]p-s
Middle Chinese: keajH
sunrise (Shuowen)
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤar-s
Middle Chinese: kanH
1first
Old Chinese: *sˤər
Middle Chinese: sen
2go first
Old Chinese: *sˤər-s
Middle Chinese: senH
north
Old Chinese: *pˤək
Middle Chinese: pok
ten
Old Chinese: *t.[g]əp
Middle Chinese: dzyip
1finish, die
Old Chinese: *[ts]ut
Middle Chinese: tswit
2soldier
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤut
Middle Chinese: tswot
auspicious
Old Chinese: *C.qi[t] (*C.q- > *k-, escaping palatalization)
Middle Chinese: kjit
1big
Old Chinese: *lˤat-s (MC F!)
Middle Chinese: daH
2big
Old Chinese: *lˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: dajH
lose
Old Chinese: *l̥i[t]
Middle Chinese: syit
study; imitate
Old Chinese: *m-kˤruk
Middle Chinese: haewk
1spend the night
Old Chinese: *[s]uk
Middle Chinese: sjuwk
2"mansion" of the zodiac (where the moon is found on successive nights)
Old Chinese: *[s]uk-s
Middle Chinese: sjuwH
broom; comet
Old Chinese: *s-[ɢ]ʷe[t]-s
Middle Chinese: zjwejH
bright
Old Chinese: *mraŋ
Middle Chinese: mjaeng
clan
Old Chinese: *k.deʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyeX
1drawing (n.)
Old Chinese: *C-gʷˤrek-s
Middle Chinese: hweaH
2draw (v.)
Old Chinese: *gʷˤrek
Middle Chinese: hweak
1following, thereupon
Old Chinese: *[N.]rut
Middle Chinese: ywit
2writing stylus or brush (pron. in Chǔ 楚 ap. Shuōwén; E. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *[m-]rut
Middle Chinese: ywit
1rank, row
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: hang
2walk (v.)
Old Chinese: *Cə.[g]ˤraŋ
Middle Chinese: haeng
3action
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤraŋ-s
Middle Chinese: haengH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kreːds
take, use
Old Chinese: *ləʔ
Middle Chinese: yiX
1a kind of wheat
Old Chinese: *mə.rˤək (> *mə.rˤə)
Middle Chinese: loj
2come
Old Chinese: *mə.rˤək (> *rˤə)
Middle Chinese: loj
yes, agree; satisfied, at ease
Old Chinese: *lo
Middle Chinese: yu
sell
Old Chinese: *[l][iw]k
Middle Chinese: yuwk
elder brother
Old Chinese: *m̥raŋ
Middle Chinese: xjwaeng
1bring or send in
Old Chinese: *nˤ[u]p
Middle Chinese: nop
2inside
Old Chinese: *nˤ[u]p-s
Middle Chinese: nwojH
winter
Old Chinese: *tˤuŋ
Middle Chinese: towng
1go to
Old Chinese: *[ts]ik
Middle Chinese: tsik
2thereupon
Old Chinese: *[ts]ik
Middle Chinese: tsik
1Zhōu (dynasty and place)
Old Chinese: *tiw
Middle Chinese: tsyuw
2cycle; all around
Old Chinese: *tiw
Middle Chinese: tsyuw
kind, class
Old Chinese: *pʰr[ə]mʔ
Middle Chinese: phimX
fontanel
Old Chinese: *[s]ə[r]-s
Middle Chinese: sinH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ŋeːw
concubine
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ap
Middle Chinese: tshjep
ancestral temple
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤuŋ
Middle Chinese: tsowng
13rd earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[ɢ](r)ər
Middle Chinese: yij
23rd earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[ɢ](r)ər
Middle Chinese: yin
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡluːwɢ
1honor (v.)
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤu[n]
Middle Chinese: tswon
2wine-cup
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤu[n]
Middle Chinese: tswon
mountain, hill
Old Chinese: *s-ŋrar
Middle Chinese: srean
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ŋrans
1easy
Old Chinese: *lek-s
Middle Chinese: yeH
2change; exchange
Old Chinese: *lek
Middle Chinese: yek
I, we, our
Old Chinese: *lrəmʔ
Middle Chinese: drimX
foot; stop
Old Chinese: *təʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyiX
people
Old Chinese: *mi[ŋ]
Middle Chinese: mjin
1(respectful suffix in male names)
Old Chinese: *p(r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: pjuX
2father
Old Chinese: *[N-p](r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: bjuX
1st heavenly stem; fingernail
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤr[a]p
Middle Chinese: kaep
different
Old Chinese: *ɢ(r)ək-s
Middle Chinese: yiH
doubt
Old Chinese: *[ŋ](r)ə (< uvular)
Middle Chinese: ngi
1a kind of bear
Old Chinese: *nˤə
Middle Chinese: noj
2a kind of bear
Old Chinese: *nˤə(ŋ)
Middle Chinese: nong
3able; ability
Old Chinese: *nˤə(ʔ) (~ *nˤəŋ)
Middle Chinese: nong
1you
Old Chinese: *nak
Middle Chinese: nyak
2agree
Old Chinese: *nak
Middle Chinese: nyak
10,000
Old Chinese: *C.ma[n]-s
Middle Chinese: mjonH
pursue
Old Chinese: *truj
Middle Chinese: trwij
gather, collect
Old Chinese: *[dz][u]p
Middle Chinese: dzip
wait
Old Chinese: *s-no
Middle Chinese: sju
sound, tone
Old Chinese: *[q](r)əm
Middle Chinese: 'im
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: b·roːn
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: b·ron
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: b·rons
to sob
Old Chinese: *C.qʰˤuʔ (Shuōwén; no pre-Qín exx.)
Middle Chinese: khawX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ʔsreːŋ
secondary
Old Chinese: *ʔˤrak-s
Middle Chinese: 'aeH
cut meat from the bone
Old Chinese: *kʷˤrajʔ
Middle Chinese: kwaeX
中冓 inner chamber
Old Chinese: *kˤ(r)o-s
Middle Chinese: kuwH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: m·ruɡ
1longevity
Old Chinese: *[N-t]uʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyuwX
2longevity
Old Chinese: *[N-t]uʔ-s
Middle Chinese: dzyuwH
1heaven
Old Chinese: *l̥ˤi[n]
Middle Chinese: then
2heaven
Old Chinese: *l̥ˤi[n] (W dialect: l̥ˤ- > Hàn-time *xˤ- > MC x-)
Middle Chinese: xen
girdle, strap
Old Chinese: *C.tˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: tajH
extend
Old Chinese: *la[n]
Middle Chinese: yen
early
Old Chinese: *Nə.tsˤuʔ
Middle Chinese: tsawX
what
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤat
Middle Chinese: hat
forest
Old Chinese: *[r]əm
Middle Chinese: lim
military
Old Chinese: *m(r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: mjuX
spring, source
Old Chinese: *s-N-ɢʷar (MC I!)
Middle Chinese: dzjwen
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: m̥ʰreːɡs
lawsuit; prison
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]rok
Middle Chinese: ngjowk
all
Old Chinese: *kˤrij
Middle Chinese: keaj
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡruːl
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡruːl
precious; expensive
Old Chinese: *kuj-s
Middle Chinese: kjw+jH
1inner coffin
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤek
Middle Chinese: bek
2law, rule; lawful
Old Chinese: *[N]-pek
Middle Chinese: bjiek
3ruler, prince
Old Chinese: *pek
Middle Chinese: pjiek
advance (v.)
Old Chinese: *sə-lu[t]-s
Middle Chinese: zwijH
destroy
Old Chinese: *lˤojʔ
Middle Chinese: dwaX
a kind of bird
Old Chinese: *tur
Middle Chinese: tsywij
bone
Old Chinese: *kˤut
Middle Chinese: kwot
bird
Old Chinese: *tˤiwʔ
Middle Chinese: tewX
assist
Old Chinese: *m-təŋ
Middle Chinese: dzying
plant leaves
Old Chinese: *tˤrak
Middle Chinese: traek
1penetrate
Old Chinese: *qʰˤraŋ
Middle Chinese: xaeng
2(loan for) to boil
Old Chinese: *[p.qʰ]ˤraŋ
Middle Chinese: phaeng
3sacrificial offering
Old Chinese: *[qʰ]aŋʔ
Middle Chinese: xjangX
1high; lift high
Old Chinese: *[k.ŋ]ˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: ngang
2I, me
Old Chinese: *ŋˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: ngang
submit
Old Chinese: *m-kˤru[ŋ] (? < *-[u]m)
Middle Chinese: haewng
11th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *s.mi[t]
Middle Chinese: swit
this
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]e(j)ʔ
Middle Chinese: tshjeX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ruːl
stone
Old Chinese: *dAk
Middle Chinese: dzyek
autumn; crop
Old Chinese: *tsʰiw
Middle Chinese: tshjuw
will-o'-the wisp
Old Chinese: *[r]ə[n]
Middle Chinese: lin
pheasant
Old Chinese: *lˤewk
Middle Chinese: dek
and, but
Old Chinese: *nə
Middle Chinese: nyi
1ear
Old Chinese: *C.nəʔ
Middle Chinese: nyiX
2=而已 “that’s all”
Old Chinese: *nəʔ
Middle Chinese: nyiX
reach to
Old Chinese: *m-rˤəp-s
Middle Chinese: dojH
1chariot
Old Chinese: *[t.qʰ](r)A
Middle Chinese: tsyhae
2chariot
Old Chinese: *C.q(r)a
Middle Chinese: kjo
1to cure
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤawk
Middle Chinese: lak
2joy; enjoy
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤawk
Middle Chinese: lak
3cause to rejoice
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ˤrawk-s
Middle Chinese: ngaewH
4music
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ˤrawk
Middle Chinese: ngaewk
These groups each contain only one character. It is still good to know the phonetic component, since it may be of use in learning new characters not treated here, in the same or other languages.
one
Old Chinese: *ʔi[t]
Middle Chinese: 'jit
1three
Old Chinese: *s.rum (*s.r- > s-; infl. by 四 *s-?)
Middle Chinese: sam
2three times
Old Chinese: *s.r[u]m-s (*s.r- > *s-, infl. by 四 *s-?)
Middle Chinese: samH
1down
Old Chinese: *gˤraʔ
Middle Chinese: haeX
2descend
Old Chinese: *m-gˤraʔ-s
Middle Chinese: haeH
milk; nipple
Old Chinese: *noʔ
Middle Chinese: nyuX
two
Old Chinese: *ni[j]-s
Middle Chinese: nyijH
item
Old Chinese: *[g]r[a][n]ʔ (no pre-Qín exx?)
Middle Chinese: gjenX
1rest (v.)
Old Chinese: *qʰ(r)u
Middle Chinese: xjuw
2blessing
Old Chinese: *qʰ(r)u
Middle Chinese: xjuw
1comfortable; advantageous
Old Chinese: *[b]e[n]-s
Middle Chinese: bjienH
2glib-tongued
Old Chinese: *[b]e[n]
Middle Chinese: bjien
complete (adj.)
Old Chinese: *[b]rək-s
Middle Chinese: bijH
eight
Old Chinese: *pˤret
Middle Chinese: peat
statute, norm
Old Chinese: *tˤə[r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: tenX
tablet, records
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ](ˤ)rek
Middle Chinese: tsrheak
before
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤen (~ *m-dzˤen)
Middle Chinese: dzen
high; splendid
Old Chinese: *tˤrawk
Middle Chinese: traewk
south
Old Chinese: *nˤ[ə]m
Middle Chinese: nom
in danger
Old Chinese: *[ŋ](r)[o]j
Middle Chinese: ngjwe
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: klje
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kljeʔ
four
Old Chinese: *s.li[j]-s
Middle Chinese: sijH
obstruct; distress
Old Chinese: *kʰˤu[n]-s
Middle Chinese: khwonH
consider
Old Chinese: *[d]ˤa
Middle Chinese: du
outside
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ʷˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: ngwajH
youngest
Old Chinese: *kʷi[t]-s
Middle Chinese: kjwijH
household
Old Chinese: *kˤra
Middle Chinese: kae
peace
Old Chinese: *nˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: neng
respond
Old Chinese: *[t]ˤ[u]p-s
Middle Chinese: twojH
1bent, curved
Old Chinese: *N-kʰ(r)ok
Middle Chinese: gjowk
2department
Old Chinese: *[g](r)ok
Middle Chinese: gjowk
market (n.)
Old Chinese: *C.[d]əʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyiX
broom
Old Chinese: *[t.p]əʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyuwX
1army
Old Chinese: *srij
Middle Chinese: srij
2master
Old Chinese: *srij
Middle Chinese: srij
heart
Old Chinese: *səm
Middle Chinese: sim
calamity; distress
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤro[n]-s
Middle Chinese: hwaenH
hand
Old Chinese: *n̥uʔ
Middle Chinese: syuwX
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: suːʔ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: suːs
1scattered (adj.)
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤa[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: sanX
2scatter (v.t.)
Old Chinese: *mə-sˤa[n]ʔ-s
Middle Chinese: sanH
sun; day
Old Chinese: *C.nik
Middle Chinese: nyit
1meeting; have a meeting
Old Chinese: *m-kˤop-s
Middle Chinese: hwajH
2阿會亘 ēhuìxuān: Skt. ābhāsvara ‘shining’ (E. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *ɦʷˤajs (< *m-kˤop-s)
Middle Chinese: hwajH
3calculate; calculation
Old Chinese: *kˤop-s
Middle Chinese: kwajH
moon, month
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ʷat
Middle Chinese: ngjwot
1quiver (n.)
Old Chinese: *[b]ək
Middle Chinese: bjuwk
2garment; wear (v.)
Old Chinese: *[b]ək
Middle Chinese: bjuwk
3subdue, submit
Old Chinese: *[b]ək
Middle Chinese: bjuwk
4box of a carriage
Old Chinese: *[b]əʔ
Middle Chinese: bjuwX
end of a branch
Old Chinese: *mˤat
Middle Chinese: mat
tree trunk
Old Chinese: *C.pˤə[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: pwonX
water; river
Old Chinese: *s.turʔ (E dialect: *-r > *-j)
Middle Chinese: sywijX
sand
Old Chinese: *sˤraj
Middle Chinese: srae
fire
Old Chinese: *[qʷʰ]ˤəjʔ
Middle Chinese: xwaX
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰaːd
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: baːd
1to curse
Old Chinese: *[t]uk-s
Middle Chinese: tsyuwH
2pray, recite
Old Chinese: *[t]uk
Middle Chinese: tsyuwk
3cut off, break
Old Chinese: *tuk
Middle Chinese: tsyuwk
continue
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤ[e]-s
Middle Chinese: kejH
crime, offense
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤujʔ
Middle Chinese: dzwojX
1self (adv.)
Old Chinese: *s.[b]i[t]-s
Middle Chinese: dzijH
2to follow; from
Old Chinese: *s.[b]i[t]-s
Middle Chinese: dzijH
mortar
Old Chinese: *C.[g]ʷəʔ
Middle Chinese: gjuwX
1slipper, shoe
Old Chinese: *s.qʰAk
Middle Chinese: sjek
2slipper, shoe
Old Chinese: *s.qʰak (dialect: *s.qʰ> MC tsh-, *-ak > -jak)
Middle Chinese: tshjak
color; countenance
Old Chinese: *s.rək
Middle Chinese: srik
1west
Old Chinese: *s-nˤər
Middle Chinese: sej
2west
Old Chinese: *s-nˤər
Middle Chinese: sej
calculate
Old Chinese: *kˤij-s
Middle Chinese: kejH
1hostage; gift
Old Chinese: *[t]
Middle Chinese: trijH
2substance, solid part
Old Chinese: *t-lit
Middle Chinese: tsyit
1rain
Old Chinese: *C.ɢʷ(r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: hjuX
2rain (v.t.)
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷ(r)aʔ-s
Middle Chinese: hjuH
ten feet
Old Chinese: *[d]raŋʔ
Middle Chinese: drjangX
1ascend
Old Chinese: *Cə-daŋʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyangX
2to put up
Old Chinese: *m-daŋʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyangX
3top, above (n.)
Old Chinese: *daŋʔ-s
Middle Chinese: dzyangH
1your
Old Chinese: *nˤə(ŋ)ʔ
Middle Chinese: nojX
2then
Old Chinese: *nˤəʔ
Middle Chinese: nojX
1ride (v.)
Old Chinese: *Cə.ləŋ
Middle Chinese: zying
2vehicle
Old Chinese: *Cə.ləŋ-s
Middle Chinese: zyingH
3team of four horses
Old Chinese: *Cə.ləŋ-s
Middle Chinese: zyingH
1stand on tiptoe
Old Chinese: *kʰeʔ
Middle Chinese: khjieX
2stand on tiptoe
Old Chinese: *kʰeʔ-s
Middle Chinese: khjieH
protect
Old Chinese: *pˤuʔ
Middle Chinese: pawX
truthful
Old Chinese: *s-ni[ŋ]-s
Middle Chinese: sinH
light, brightness
Old Chinese: *kʷˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: kwang
enter
Old Chinese: *n[u]p
Middle Chinese: nyip
complete (adj.)
Old Chinese: *[dz]o[n]
Middle Chinese: dzjwen
twice; a second time
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤə(ʔ)-s
Middle Chinese: tsojH
beginning
Old Chinese: *[ts]ʰra
Middle Chinese: tsrhjo
strength
Old Chinese: *k.rək
Middle Chinese: lik
1toil
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤaw
Middle Chinese: law
2to reward for toil
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤaw-s
Middle Chinese: lawH
seal
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]iŋ-s
Middle Chinese: 'jinH
1get rid of
Old Chinese: *[kʰ](r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: khjoX
2depart
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰ(r)ap-s
Middle Chinese: khjoH
mouth
Old Chinese: *kʰˤ(r)oʔ
Middle Chinese: khuwX
window facing North; turn towards
Old Chinese: *n̥aŋ-s
Middle Chinese: xjangH
good
Old Chinese: *[g]e[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyenX
vessel; instrument
Old Chinese: *[kʰ]r[ə][t]-s
Middle Chinese: khijH
go around
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤəj
Middle Chinese: hwoj
dam up, block; mound
Old Chinese: *[q]i[n]
Middle Chinese: 'jin
repay
Old Chinese: *pˤuk-s
Middle Chinese: pawH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qʰʷaːns
grandchild; descendant
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤu[n]
Middle Chinese: swon
fruit; full
Old Chinese: *mə.li[t]
Middle Chinese: zyit
raise a mound; enfeoff
Old Chinese: *p(r)oŋ
Middle Chinese: pjowng
go to
Old Chinese: *[dz]u[k]-s
Middle Chinese: dzjuwH
1roll over; unfold
Old Chinese: *trenʔ
Middle Chinese: trjenX
2ritual robe
Old Chinese: *tra[n]-s
Middle Chinese: trjenH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sqʰuːns
even, level (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤe[r]
Middle Chinese: ken
fortunate
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤreŋʔ
Middle Chinese: heangX
weak
Old Chinese: *newk
Middle Chinese: nyak
1strong
Old Chinese: *N-kaŋ
Middle Chinese: gjang
2make an effort
Old Chinese: *m-kaŋʔ
Middle Chinese: gjangX
1after
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤ(r)oʔ
Middle Chinese: huwX
2put after ?
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤ(r)oʔ-s
Middle Chinese: huwH
small
Old Chinese: *məj
Middle Chinese: mj+j
1breathe
Old Chinese: *sək
Middle Chinese: sik
2安息 Ānxī (Iranian country in the western regions, W. Hàn; from Aršaka = Arsaces, founder of the Arsacid dynasty)
Old Chinese: *sək
Middle Chinese: sik
to love; to grudge (< ‘draw close to oneself’?)
Old Chinese: *[q]ˤə[p]-s
Middle Chinese: 'ojH
ornate
Old Chinese: *mə[n]
Middle Chinese: mjun
measure (v.)
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤew-s
Middle Chinese: lewH
clan
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤok
Middle Chinese: dzuwk
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: quːn
split (v.)
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤek
Middle Chinese: sek
throw away, abandon
Old Chinese: *[kʰ]i[t]-s
Middle Chinese: khjijH
1work (n.)
Old Chinese: *[m-qʰ](r)[a]p
Middle Chinese: ngjaep
2horizontal board of a bell stand or frame
Old Chinese: *[m-qʰ](r)[a]p
Middle Chinese: ngjaep
3strong, sturdy
Old Chinese: *[ŋ](r)[a]p
Middle Chinese: ngjaep
step
Old Chinese: *mə-bˤa-s
Middle Chinese: buH
hammer
Old Chinese: *tˤo[n]-s
Middle Chinese: twanH
(inhaled thing:) breath, air, vapors
Old Chinese: *C.qʰəp-s
Middle Chinese: khj+jH
model, law
Old Chinese: *[p.k]ap
Middle Chinese: pjop
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tʰjɯŋ
to herd, herdsman
Old Chinese: *mək
Middle Chinese: mjuwk
divide, distribute
Old Chinese: *pˤ
Middle Chinese: paen
1excessive, very
Old Chinese: *[t.ɢ][ə]mʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyimX
2excessive
Old Chinese: *[t.ɢ][ə]mʔ-s
Middle Chinese: dzyimH
field; to hunt
Old Chinese: *lˤiŋ
Middle Chinese: den
man, male
Old Chinese: *nˤ[ə]m
Middle Chinese: nom
increase
Old Chinese: *q[i]k (dialect: *-ik > *-ek)
Middle Chinese: 'jiek
eye
Old Chinese: *C.m(r)[u]k
Middle Chinese: mjuwk
calculate; tally
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤorʔ-s
Middle Chinese: swanH
white silk
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤak-s
Middle Chinese: suH
cut off
Old Chinese: *[dz]ot
Middle Chinese: dzjwet
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tʰaːd
beautiful
Old Chinese: *[m]rəjʔ
Middle Chinese: mijX
repeat; practice
Old Chinese: *s-ɢʷəp (with root *ɢʷəp ‘wing’?)
Middle Chinese: zip
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: njonʔ
promise; whisper in one's ear
Old Chinese: *nrep
Middle Chinese: nrjep
to be willing
Old Chinese: *kʰˤəŋʔ
Middle Chinese: khongX
breed, produce
Old Chinese: *m-quk
Middle Chinese: yuwk
lift, rise
Old Chinese: *qʰ(r)əŋ
Middle Chinese: xing
oppose, contrary
Old Chinese: *[tʰ]o[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyhwenX
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: men
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: meːnʔ
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: maːn
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kɯɡ
1flower (n.)
Old Chinese: *qʷʰˤra
Middle Chinese: xwae
2flower (v.); flowery (adj.)
Old Chinese: *N-qʷʰˤra
Middle Chinese: hwae
3[name of a mountain]
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤra-s
Middle Chinese: hwaeH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tjuŋ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tjuŋs
exterior
Old Chinese: *p(r)awʔ
Middle Chinese: pjewX
cover
Old Chinese: *qʰˤraʔ
Middle Chinese: xaeX
1cut up; unloose
Old Chinese: *kˤreʔ
Middle Chinese: keaX
2understand
Old Chinese: *N-kˤreʔ
Middle Chinese: heaX
3=懈 lazy
Old Chinese: *N-kˤreʔ
Middle Chinese: heaX
examine; denounce
Old Chinese: *[t]ʰˤuʔ
Middle Chinese: thawX
garrulous
Old Chinese: *[t]am
Middle Chinese: tsyem
body; self
Old Chinese: *n̥i[ŋ]
Middle Chinese: syin
agriculture; to farm
Old Chinese: *nˤ[o]ŋ
Middle Chinese: nowng
withdraw (≠ advance)
Old Chinese: *n̥ˤ[u]p-s
Middle Chinese: thwojH
escort (v.), send
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤoŋ-s
Middle Chinese: suwngH
advance (v.)
Old Chinese: *[ts][i][n]-s
Middle Chinese: tsinH
lead (v.), govern
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤ(r)oʔ
Middle Chinese: buwX
counterpart; be the counterpart of
Old Chinese: *pʰˤ[ə][j]-s
Middle Chinese: phwojH
hawk, falcon
Old Chinese: *[s]urʔ
Middle Chinese: swinX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: roːds
fragrance
Old Chinese: *qʰaŋ
Middle Chinese: xjang
1fresh; good
Old Chinese: *[s][a]r
Middle Chinese: sjen
2鮮卑 *s[a]r.pe Xiānbēi
Old Chinese: *s[a]r
Middle Chinese: sjen
3rare, few
Old Chinese: *[s][e]rʔ
Middle Chinese: sjenX
cinnabar
Old Chinese: *tˤan
Middle Chinese: tan
1turn around, turn back
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤar
Middle Chinese: hwan
2turn around
Old Chinese: *s-[q]ʷar
Middle Chinese: sjwen
3阿會亘 ēhuìxuān: Skt. ābhāsvara ‘shining’ (E. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *swar (< *s-[q]ʷar)
Middle Chinese: sjwen
carry; able; dominate
Old Chinese: *kʰˤək
Middle Chinese: khok
child
Old Chinese: *ŋe
Middle Chinese: nye
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sl'ɯm
1brush (v.)
Old Chinese: *[s]r[o]t (dialect: retains MC srj-)
Middle Chinese: srjwet
2brush (v.)
Old Chinese: *[s]r[o]t
Middle Chinese: srwaet
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qiːs
11/10th of a dǒu 斗
Old Chinese: *s-təŋ
Middle Chinese: sying
2rise (v.)
Old Chinese: *s-təŋ
Middle Chinese: sying
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: sil
command, call (n.)
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤaw-s
Middle Chinese: hawH
1musical note
Old Chinese: *s-taŋ
Middle Chinese: syang
2(place name)
Old Chinese: *s-taŋ
Middle Chinese: syang
3estimate; business; trader
Old Chinese: *s-taŋ
Middle Chinese: syang
stand for musical instruments
Old Chinese: *t
Middle Chinese: trjuH
evening, night
Old Chinese: *s-ɢAk
Middle Chinese: zjek
dream
Old Chinese: *C.məŋ-s
Middle Chinese: mjuwngH
bring forward; perform (music)
Old Chinese: *tsˤo(ʔ)-s
Middle Chinese: tsuwH
spread wings and fly
Old Chinese: *(Cə.)pə[r]-s (W dialect)
Middle Chinese: pjunH
1good
Old Chinese: *qʰˤuʔ
Middle Chinese: xawX
2love, like (v.)
Old Chinese: *qʰˤuʔ-s
Middle Chinese: xawH
consort; match
Old Chinese: *pʰ[ə][j]
Middle Chinese: phj+j
1委蛇 compliant, complaisant
Old Chinese: *q(r)oj
Middle Chinese: 'jwe
2entrust to
Old Chinese: *q(r)ojʔ
Middle Chinese: 'jweX
3collect; store
Old Chinese: *q(r)ojʔ
Middle Chinese: 'jweX
4bend; hang down
Old Chinese: *q(r)orʔ
Middle Chinese: 'jweX
awe-inspiring
Old Chinese: *ʔuj
Middle Chinese: 'jw+j
exist
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤə[n]
Middle Chinese: dzwon
filial
Old Chinese: *qʰˤ
Middle Chinese: xaewH
1keep, guard
Old Chinese: *s-tuʔ
Middle Chinese: syuwX
2territory in somebody's guard, fief
Old Chinese: *s.tuʔ-s
Middle Chinese: syuwH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: hljɯmʔ
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: quds
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qud
house; roof
Old Chinese: *qˤok (or *ʔˤok ?)
Middle Chinese: 'uwk
1snake
Old Chinese: *pˤra
Middle Chinese: pae
2[place name]
Old Chinese: *pˤra
Middle Chinese: pae
1draw the bow
Old Chinese: *li[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: yinX
2draw the bow
Old Chinese: *li[n]ʔ-s
Middle Chinese: yinH
vast
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤəŋ
Middle Chinese: hwong
obtain
Old Chinese: *tˤək
Middle Chinese: tok
1penetrate
Old Chinese: *m-[tʰ]ret
Middle Chinese: drjet
2divide land acc. to a certain share system
Old Chinese: *m-tʰret
Middle Chinese: drjet
3divide land acc. to a certain share system
Old Chinese: *tʰret
Middle Chinese: trhjet
4penetrate
Old Chinese: *tʰret
Middle Chinese: trhjet
kind, good
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤi[j]-s
Middle Chinese: hwejH
a kind of axe
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷat
Middle Chinese: hjwot
1and, but, or
Old Chinese: *[ʔ](r)ik
Middle Chinese: 'ik
2rub, repress
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]ik
Middle Chinese: 'ik
1be cut in two
Old Chinese: *N-tˤo[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: dwanX
2cut in two
Old Chinese: *tˤo[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: twanX
3cut off; decide
Old Chinese: *tˤo[n]ʔ-s
Middle Chinese: twanH
fine-tasting
Old Chinese: *kijʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyijX
discard
Old Chinese: *n̥ˤi[t]-s
Middle Chinese: thejH
to dye
Old Chinese: *C.n[a]mʔ
Middle Chinese: nyemX
varnish
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]i[t]
Middle Chinese: tshit
year
Old Chinese: *s-qʷʰat-s
Middle Chinese: sjwejH
die (v.)
Old Chinese: *sijʔ
Middle Chinese: sijX
a kind of lance
Old Chinese: *[d]o
Middle Chinese: dzyu
hanging musical stone
Old Chinese: *[C.qʰ]ˤeŋ-s
Middle Chinese: khengH
1poison (n.)
Old Chinese: *[d]ˤuk
Middle Chinese: dowk
2to poison (v.)
Old Chinese: *m-[d]ˤuk-s
Middle Chinese: dowk
flow (v.)
Old Chinese: *ru
Middle Chinese: ljuw
to flap (sc. the ears)
Old Chinese: *[qʰ]ip
Middle Chinese: syip
calamity
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤə
Middle Chinese: tsoj
1satiate, satisfy
Old Chinese: *ʔem
Middle Chinese: 'jiem
2satisfaction
Old Chinese: *ʔem-s
Middle Chinese: 'jiemH
sickness
Old Chinese: *[dz]i[t]
Middle Chinese: dzit
fly forth, send forth
Old Chinese: *Cə.pat
Middle Chinese: pjot
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: mreːwɢs
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: mreːwɢ
inspect
Old Chinese: *[s]eŋʔ
Middle Chinese: sjengX
1to watch, guard
Old Chinese: *kʰˤa[r]
Middle Chinese: khan
2gaze at
Old Chinese: *[kʰ]ˤa[r]-s
Middle Chinese: khanH
mountain demon
Old Chinese: *r̥aj
Middle Chinese: trhje
1burst through
Old Chinese: *m-tʰˤut
Middle Chinese: dwot
2break through; suddenly
Old Chinese: *tʰˤut
Middle Chinese: thwot
1twist a rope
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤak
Middle Chinese: sak
2search (v.)
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤak
Middle Chinese: sak
punish
Old Chinese: *[b][a]t
Middle Chinese: bjot
a kind of net (on a handle?) (Shuōwén: 'bird net')
Old Chinese: *rˤaj
Middle Chinese: la
tip (n.)
Old Chinese: *tˤor
Middle Chinese: twan
meat, flesh
Old Chinese: *k.nuk
Middle Chinese: nyuwk
fat (adj.)
Old Chinese: *[b][ə]r
Middle Chinese: bj+j
tower
Old Chinese: *lˤə
Middle Chinese: doj
grass, fodder
Old Chinese: *Cə.tsˤə[r]-s
Middle Chinese: tsenH
flea
Old Chinese: *tsˤuʔ
Middle Chinese: tsawX
blood
Old Chinese: *m̥ˤik
Middle Chinese: xwet
compass, circle
Old Chinese: *kʷe
Middle Chinese: kjwie
1(a particle)
Old Chinese: *ŋa[n]
Middle Chinese: ngjon
2I, we
Old Chinese: *ŋa[n]
Middle Chinese: ngjon
3speak; speech
Old Chinese: *ŋa[n]
Middle Chinese: ngjon
4tall
Old Chinese: *ŋa[r]
Middle Chinese: ngjon
set up
Old Chinese: *ŋ̊et
Middle Chinese: syet
carry on the back
Old Chinese: *[b]əʔ
Middle Chinese: bjuwX
body, person
Old Chinese: *k(r)uŋ
Middle Chinese: kjuwng
words
Old Chinese: *sə.lə
Middle Chinese: zi
disgrace
Old Chinese: *nok
Middle Chinese: nyowk
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɢʷɯ
1to open (v.i.)
Old Chinese: *Nə-[k]ʰˤəj
Middle Chinese: khoj
2to open (v.t.)
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰˤəj
Middle Chinese: khoj
1grieved; suffering
Old Chinese: *[ʔ](r)ə[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: 'j+nX
2conceal
Old Chinese: *[ʔ](r)ə[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: 'j+nX
3lean on
Old Chinese: *ʔ(r)ə[r]ʔ-s
Middle Chinese: 'j+nH
a pair
Old Chinese: *[s]roŋ
Middle Chinese: sraewng
face
Old Chinese: *C.me[n]-s
Middle Chinese: mjienH
1beard
Old Chinese: *C-[s.n]o
Middle Chinese: sju
2斯須 a short time
Old Chinese: *[s]o
Middle Chinese: sju
fly (v.)
Old Chinese: *Cə.pə[r] (dialect: *-r > *-j)
Middle Chinese: pj+j
1long, longing
Old Chinese: *[ɢ](r)aŋʔ
Middle Chinese: yangX
2nourish, raise
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]aŋʔ
Middle Chinese: yangX
1yoke
Old Chinese: *C.qˤ
Middle Chinese: keak
2tripod with hollow legs
Old Chinese: *k.rˤek
Middle Chinese: lek
eagle, falcon
Old Chinese: *[q](r)əŋ
Middle Chinese: 'ing
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: reːls
dwelling; palace; note of scale
Old Chinese: *k(r)uŋ
Middle Chinese: kjuwng
2d earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[n̥]ruʔ
Middle Chinese: trhjuwX
hill, mound
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷʰə
Middle Chinese: khjuw
side by side, together
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤeŋʔ
Middle Chinese: bengX
1pellet; ball
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤar
Middle Chinese: hwan
2烏丸 Wūhuán: Avars (W. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *ɦʷˤar (< *[ɢ]ʷˤar)
Middle Chinese: hwan
a long time
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷəʔ
Middle Chinese: kjuwX
2nd heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *qrət
Middle Chinese: 'it
beg, ask
Old Chinese: *C.qʰət
Middle Chinese: khj+t
disorder, rebellion
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤo[n]-s
Middle Chinese: lwanH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: reːwʔ
intertwining
Old Chinese: *m-qˤaʔ-s
Middle Chinese: huH
continuous; constant
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤəŋ-s
Middle Chinese: kongH
1hatch (v.)
Old Chinese: *[b]ək-s
Middle Chinese: bjuwH
2lie prostrate
Old Chinese: *[b]ək
Middle Chinese: bjuwk
cut; strike; attack
Old Chinese: *m-pat
Middle Chinese: bjot
truly
Old Chinese: *[l]u[r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: ywinX
(final particle)
Old Chinese: *gˤe
Middle Chinese: hej
weapon
Old Chinese: *praŋ
Middle Chinese: pjaeng
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: muːɡs
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: njam
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: njamʔ
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: moːŋ
dark
Old Chinese: *mˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: meng
stool
Old Chinese: *C.kr[ə]jʔ
Middle Chinese: kijX
kiln; pottery
Old Chinese: *[l]ˤu
Middle Chinese: daw
one of a pair
Old Chinese: *pʰi[t]
Middle Chinese: phjit
thick
Old Chinese: *Cə.[g]ˤ(r)oʔ
Middle Chinese: huwX
old man
Old Chinese: *s-ruʔ (dialect: > *sruʔ > MC srjuwX > sruwX > suwX)
Middle Chinese: suwX
1blow (v.)
Old Chinese: *tʰo[r]
Middle Chinese: tsyhwe
2musical concert
Old Chinese: *tʰo[r]-s
Middle Chinese: tsyhweH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kʰeːʔ
joy; rejoice
Old Chinese: *qʰ(r)əʔ
Middle Chinese: xiX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qʰlus
prisoner
Old Chinese: *sə.lu
Middle Chinese: zjuw
round granary
Old Chinese: *kʰrun
Middle Chinese: khwin
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kʰuːd
earth (trigram or hexagram)
Old Chinese: *[kʰ]ˤu[n]
Middle Chinese: khwon
seize
Old Chinese: *[t]ip
Middle Chinese: tsyip
1frontier
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤək-s
Middle Chinese: sojH
2pass (n.)
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤək-s
Middle Chinese: sojH
3stop up, block (v.)
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤək
Middle Chinese: sok
mound, hill
Old Chinese: *[r]əŋ
Middle Chinese: ling
1great
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤraʔ
Middle Chinese: haeX
2summer
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤraʔ (~ *[g]ˤraʔ-s)
Middle Chinese: haeH
turn over in bed
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]o[r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: 'jwonX
delicate, slender
Old Chinese: *[ʔ](r)aw
Middle Chinese: 'jew
1level, peaceful
Old Chinese: *ləj
Middle Chinese: yij
2foreigner (especially to the east)
Old Chinese: *ləj
Middle Chinese: yij
cope with
Old Chinese: *nˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: najH
seize
Old Chinese: *Cə.lˤot
Middle Chinese: dwat
at ease
Old Chinese: *n̥ˤojʔ
Middle Chinese: thwaX
1consort, wife
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ˤəj
Middle Chinese: tshej
2give as wife
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ˤəj-s
Middle Chinese: tshejH
wicked(ness)
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤran
Middle Chinese: kaen
(surname)
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰˤoŋʔ
Middle Chinese: khuwngX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰuw
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: da
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: daʔ
another
Old Chinese: *l̥ˤaj
Middle Chinese: tha
steward; minister
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤəʔ
Middle Chinese: tsojX
cold
Old Chinese: *Cə.[g]ˤa[n]
Middle Chinese: han
few
Old Chinese: *[C.k]ʷˤraʔ
Middle Chinese: kwaeX
1warm up
Old Chinese: *sə-l[ə]m (< *-um ?)
Middle Chinese: zim
2measure of 8 chǐ 尺
Old Chinese: *sə-l[ə]m
Middle Chinese: zim
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ʔslem
burnt offering
Old Chinese: *[r][a]w-s
Middle Chinese: ljewH
fault; even more
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷə
Middle Chinese: hjuw
foot (measure)
Old Chinese: *tʰAk
Middle Chinese: tsyhek
1to stop
Old Chinese: *nˤərʔ
Middle Chinese: nejX
2to stop, obstruct
Old Chinese: *nˤərʔ-s
Middle Chinese: nejH
3near, close
Old Chinese: *nr[əj]
Middle Chinese: nrij
tail
Old Chinese: *[m]əjʔ
Middle Chinese: mj+jX
tread on; sandal
Old Chinese: *[r]ijʔ
Middle Chinese: lijX
mountain, peak
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ˤrok
Middle Chinese: ngaewk
high, rocky
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤuj
Middle Chinese: dzwoj
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: rab
cease; already
Old Chinese: *ɢ(r)əʔ
Middle Chinese: yiX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pub
Middle Chinese: pud
leader (of an army)
Old Chinese: *s-rut-s
Middle Chinese: srwijH
1combine two things
Old Chinese: *peŋ
Middle Chinese: pjieng
2combine two things
Old Chinese: *peŋ-s
Middle Chinese: pjiengH
young
Old Chinese: *[ʔ](r)iw-s
Middle Chinese: 'jiwH
dark; secluded
Old Chinese: *[ʔ](r)iw
Middle Chinese: 'jiw
manipulate, play with
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤoŋ-s
Middle Chinese: luwngH
bow (n.)
Old Chinese: *kʷəŋ
Middle Chinese: kjuwng
1arrive
Old Chinese: *tˤ[i]wk
Middle Chinese: tek
2grieved; condole
Old Chinese: *tˤ[e]wk-s
Middle Chinese: tewH
running pig
Old Chinese: *l̥ˤo[r]-s
Middle Chinese: thwanH
go to
Old Chinese: *ɢʷaŋʔ
Middle Chinese: hjwangX
go on foot
Old Chinese: *[d]ˤa
Middle Chinese: du
happy, rejoice
Old Chinese: *[kʰ]raŋ-s
Middle Chinese: khjaengH
part of a yoke
Old Chinese: *qˤ
Middle Chinese: 'eak
transgress
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤe[t]-s
Middle Chinese: lejH
bow, bend (v.)
Old Chinese: *C.pˤro[t]-s
Middle Chinese: peajH
1tall
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ˤaw
Middle Chinese: ngaw
2saunter about
Old Chinese: *ŋˤaw
Middle Chinese: ngaw
1manage, direct
Old Chinese: *tˤur (dialect: *-r > *-j)
Middle Chinese: twoj
2solid, thick
Old Chinese: *tˤur
Middle Chinese: twon
3敦煌 ~ 燉煌 Dūnhuáng
Old Chinese: *tˤur
Middle Chinese: twon
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kleːwɢs
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɢlewɢ
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kleːwɢ
1bushel; ladle
Old Chinese: *tˤoʔ
Middle Chinese: tuwX
2ladle
Old Chinese: *toʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyuX
1split (v.)
Old Chinese: *[s]e
Middle Chinese: sje
2this
Old Chinese: *[s]e
Middle Chinese: sje
3斯須 a short time
Old Chinese: *se
Middle Chinese: sje
1oh!
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]ˤa
Middle Chinese: 'u
2at (locative preposition)
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]a
Middle Chinese: 'jo
pendants of a banner
Old Chinese: *[N.]ru
Middle Chinese: yuw
military unit of 500 men; to go
Old Chinese: *[r]aʔ
Middle Chinese: ljoX
1turn around; return
Old Chinese: *s-ɢʷen
Middle Chinese: zjwen
2whorl of hair on the head
Old Chinese: *s-ɢʷen-s
Middle Chinese: zjwenH
elder brother
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤu[n]
Middle Chinese: kwon
daytime
Old Chinese: *truk-s
Middle Chinese: trjuwH
say
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷat
Middle Chinese: hjwot
to bend
Old Chinese: *kʰ(r)ok
Middle Chinese: khjowk
tree, wood
Old Chinese: *C.mˤok
Middle Chinese: muwk
chestnut tree
Old Chinese: *[r]i[t]
Middle Chinese: lit
1remarkable; hero
Old Chinese: *N-[k]
Middle Chinese: gjet
2perch for fowls
Old Chinese: *m-[k]
Middle Chinese: gjet
3lift, raise
Old Chinese: *[k]
Middle Chinese: kjet
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kod
1palace
Old Chinese: *[N-t]ˤə[n]-s
Middle Chinese: denH
2rear (building, army unit)
Old Chinese: *tˤə[n]-s
Middle Chinese: tenH
3palace, hall
Old Chinese: *tˤə[n]-s
Middle Chinese: tenH
demolish
Old Chinese: *[m̥](r)ajʔ
Middle Chinese: xjweX
hair
Old Chinese: *C.mˤaw
Middle Chinese: maw
great
Old Chinese: *l̥ˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: thajH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: djeb
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: teːb
excess; licentious
Old Chinese: *N.r[ə]m
Middle Chinese: yim
charcoal, coal
Old Chinese: *[tʰ]ˤa[n]-s
Middle Chinese: thanH
1how
Old Chinese: *ʔa[n]
Middle Chinese: 'jen
2(3p locative pronoun)
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]a[n] (atonic)
Middle Chinese: hjen
troubled
Old Chinese: *[b]a[n]
Middle Chinese: bjon
1swallow (n.)
Old Chinese: *ʔˤe[n]-s
Middle Chinese: 'enH
2feast
Old Chinese: *ʔˤe[n]-s
Middle Chinese: 'enH
nobility, rank
Old Chinese: *[ts]ewk
Middle Chinese: tsjak
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: zaŋ
half; partial
Old Chinese: *pʰˤe[n]-s
Middle Chinese: phenH
ox
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ʷə (< uvular?)
Middle Chinese: ngjuw
pull, lead, drag
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰˤi[n]
Middle Chinese: khen
rhinoceros
Old Chinese: *s.lˤəj
Middle Chinese: sej
dog
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷʰˤ[e][n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: khwenX
1bird net
Old Chinese: *[r]ut-s
Middle Chinese: lwijH
2norm, standard
Old Chinese: *[r]ut
Middle Chinese: lwit
3lead (v.); commander
Old Chinese: *s-rut-s
Middle Chinese: srwijH
4follow, go along
Old Chinese: *s-rut
Middle Chinese: srwit
jade
Old Chinese: *[ŋ](r)ok (< uvular?)
Middle Chinese: ngjowk
1chain
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤojʔ
Middle Chinese: swaX
2small, fragment
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤojʔ
Middle Chinese: swaX
melon, gourd
Old Chinese: *kʷˤra
Middle Chinese: kwae
roof tile
Old Chinese: *C.ŋʷˤra[j]ʔ
Middle Chinese: ngwaeX
sweet
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤ[a]m
Middle Chinese: kam
frank words (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *[p.l̥]ˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: pheng
give
Old Chinese: *pi[t]-s
Middle Chinese: pjijH
fear (v.); threaten
Old Chinese: *ʔuj-s
Middle Chinese: 'jw+jH
1wooden fork
Old Chinese: *pi[t]
Middle Chinese: pjit
2bird-net
Old Chinese: *pi[t]
Middle Chinese: pjit
3finish (v.)
Old Chinese: *pi[t]
Middle Chinese: pjit
fever
Old Chinese: *tʰrə[n]-s
Middle Chinese: trhinH
10th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *kʷijʔ
Middle Chinese: kjwijX
thatch, cover (v.)
Old Chinese: *m-[k]ˤap
Middle Chinese: hap
steal
Old Chinese: *[d]ˤaw(k)-s
Middle Chinese: dawH
1exhaust (v.)
Old Chinese: *tsi[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: tsinX
2exhaust (v.)
Old Chinese: *m-tsi[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: dzinX
shield
Old Chinese: *lˤu[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: dwonX
eyebrow
Old Chinese: *mr[ə][r]
Middle Chinese: mij
a kind of lance
Old Chinese: *[g]ʷ(r)a
Middle Chinese: gju
(final particle)
Old Chinese: *qəʔ (atonic)
Middle Chinese: hiX
a high number
Old Chinese: *[ts][i]jʔ
Middle Chinese: tsijX
cave, pit
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤi[t]
Middle Chinese: hwet
steal
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ˤet
Middle Chinese: tshet
grain (rice or millet) in husk
Old Chinese: *[s]ok
Middle Chinese: sjowk
silk
Old Chinese: *[s]ə
Middle Chinese: si
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: men
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ban
earthenware
Old Chinese: *p(r)uʔ
Middle Chinese: pjuwX
1stop, cease
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤrajʔ
Middle Chinese: beaX
2wear out, exhaust
Old Chinese: *[b]raj
Middle Chinese: bje
old
Old Chinese: *C.rˤuʔ
Middle Chinese: lawX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: laː
1solemn, severe
Old Chinese: *siwk
Middle Chinese: sjuwk
2contract (v.); shrivel
Old Chinese: *siwk
Middle Chinese: sjuwk
3present (v.)
Old Chinese: *siwk
Middle Chinese: sjuwk
4beat (v.)
Old Chinese: *siwk
Middle Chinese: sjuwk
5eager; swift
Old Chinese: *siwk
Middle Chinese: sjuwk
small worm (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *qʷˤen
Middle Chinese: 'wen
shoulder (n.)
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤe[n]
Middle Chinese: ken
lie down, sleep
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ˤ[o]j-s
Middle Chinese: ngwaH
1odor, to stink (intransitive)?
Old Chinese: *t-qʰu(ʔ)-s
Middle Chinese: tsyhuwH
2odor, to stink (intransitive)?
Old Chinese: *qʰu(ʔ)-s
Middle Chinese: xjuwH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: men
small pit
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤromʔ-s
Middle Chinese: heamH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: lowʔ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: lu
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: lo
boat
Old Chinese: *tu
Middle Chinese: tsyuw
sprout (n.)
Old Chinese: *m(r)aw
Middle Chinese: mjew
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡoːn
bury
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤaŋ-s
Middle Chinese: tsangH
(place name)
Old Chinese: *s.le
Middle Chinese: sje
insect
Old Chinese: *C.lruŋ
Middle Chinese: drjuwng
to guard
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷ(r)a[t]-s
Middle Chinese: hjwejH
1mourning clothes
Old Chinese: *[s.r̥]ˤruj
Middle Chinese: tshwoj
2reduce
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]roj
Middle Chinese: tsrhjwe
3diminish, decline
Old Chinese: *sruj
Middle Chinese: srwij
horn, corner
Old Chinese: *C.[k]ˤrok
Middle Chinese: kaewk
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡaŋʔ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡraŋs
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: l̥ʰuːms
1happy, pleasant
Old Chinese: *C.qʰˤəjʔ
Middle Chinese: khojX
2how
Old Chinese: *C.qʰəjʔ
Middle Chinese: khj+jX
1drag feet; withdraw
Old Chinese: *lˤu[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: dwonX
2young pig
Old Chinese: *lˤu[n]
Middle Chinese: dwon
1straight; correct
Old Chinese: *treŋ
Middle Chinese: trjeng
2divine (v.)
Old Chinese: *treŋ
Middle Chinese: trjeng
guest
Old Chinese: *pi[n]
Middle Chinese: pjin
depend on
Old Chinese: *rˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: lajH
red
Old Chinese: *[t-qʰ](r)Ak
Middle Chinese: tsyhek
run
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤoʔ
Middle Chinese: tsuwX
pursue
Old Chinese: *[l]riwk
Middle Chinese: drjuwk
flee
Old Chinese: *[l]i[t]
Middle Chinese: yit
1send
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰe[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: khjienX
2grave goods
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰe[n]ʔ-s (*kʰ- doesn't palatalize)
Middle Chinese: khjienH
move (v.)
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ar
Middle Chinese: tshjen
city, town
Old Chinese: *q(r)[ə]p
Middle Chinese: 'ip
city moat
Old Chinese: *[q](r)oŋ (< *[q](r)om)
Middle Chinese: 'jowng
outer wall
Old Chinese: *kʷˤak
Middle Chinese: kwak
close (v.); obstruct
Old Chinese: *pˤi[t]-s
Middle Chinese: pejH
1idle
Old Chinese: *N-kˤre[n]
Middle Chinese: hean
2great; large-minded
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤra[n]
Middle Chinese: hean
3well-trained
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤra[n]
Middle Chinese: hean
4bar, barrier
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤra[n]
Middle Chinese: hean
grieved
Old Chinese: *mrə[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: minX
wild goose
Old Chinese: *C.[ŋ]ˤrar-s
Middle Chinese: ngaenH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: reːŋ
1hide, skin
Old Chinese: *kˤrək
Middle Chinese: keak
2change (v.)
Old Chinese: *kˤrək
Middle Chinese: keak
1frequently
Old Chinese: *[b]i[n]
Middle Chinese: bjin
2river bank
Old Chinese: *[m-p]i[n]
Middle Chinese: bjin
display, manifest
Old Chinese: *qʰˤenʔ
Middle Chinese: xenX
horse
Old Chinese: *mˤraʔ
Middle Chinese: maeX
boiler
Old Chinese: *ŋar-s
Middle Chinese: ngjonH
cry (of birds or animals)
Old Chinese: *m.reŋ
Middle Chinese: mjaeng
drum (n.)
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: kuX
1dragon
Old Chinese: *[mə]-roŋ
Middle Chinese: ljowng
2variegated
Old Chinese: *mˤroŋ
Middle Chinese: maewng
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: l'ɯːb
The characters in these groups have no pronunciations based on ancient Chinese.
These groups have only a single pronunciation shared by all characters in the group, making them the easiest to learn and remember.
1to become (v.i.)
Old Chinese: *[d]eŋ
Middle Chinese: dzyeng
2to complete (tr. v)
Old Chinese: *m-[d]eŋ
Middle Chinese: dzyeng
(other) person
Old Chinese: *ni[ŋ]
Middle Chinese: nyin
together, join
Old Chinese: *lˤoŋ
Middle Chinese: duwng
to manifest
Old Chinese: *lreŋ
Middle Chinese: drjeng
go around
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤəj
Middle Chinese: hwoj
1southwest corner of a house
Old Chinese: *ʔˤuk-s
Middle Chinese: 'awH
2cove in the bank of a stream
Old Chinese: *ʔ(r)uk
Middle Chinese: 'juwk
7th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *kˤraŋ
Middle Chinese: kaeng
foot; stop
Old Chinese: *təʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyiX
1(respectful suffix in male names)
Old Chinese: *p(r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: pjuX
2father
Old Chinese: *[N-p](r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: bjuX
1show (v.)
Old Chinese: *s-gijʔ-s
Middle Chinese: zyijH
2put (= 寘)
Old Chinese: *ke-s
Middle Chinese: tsyeH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: reːɡ
bind (v.)
Old Chinese: *[m]-kˤek-s
Middle Chinese: hejH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: praːn
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: paːn
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: baːn
These groups contain only 1 exceptional character pronunciation.
talent, ability
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤə
Middle Chinese: dzoj
11st (month)
Old Chinese: *C.teŋ
Middle Chinese: tsyeng
2correct (adj., v.)
Old Chinese: *teŋ-s
Middle Chinese: tsyengH
cut out, prepare
Old Chinese: *tet-s
Middle Chinese: tsyejH
1spring, source; origin
Old Chinese: *N-ɢʷar
Middle Chinese: ngjwon
2high plain (n.)
Old Chinese: *N-ɢʷar
Middle Chinese: ngjwon
1distinguish; punctiious
Old Chinese: *[b]en
Middle Chinese: bjien
2even (adj.)
Old Chinese: *breŋ
Middle Chinese: bjaeng
3make even
Old Chinese: *m-breŋ
Middle Chinese: bjaeng
These groups have at least 4 characters and only 2 pronunciations.
These groups have at least 4 characters and only 3 pronunciations.
1[final particle]
Old Chinese: *tsa
Middle Chinese: tsjo
2moreover
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]Aʔ
Middle Chinese: tshjaeX
1officer
Old Chinese: *kˤoŋ
Middle Chinese: kuwng
2work
Old Chinese: *kˤoŋ
Middle Chinese: kuwng
1square
Old Chinese: *C-paŋ
Middle Chinese: pjang
2method
Old Chinese: *paŋ
Middle Chinese: pjang
3just, then
Old Chinese: *paŋ
Middle Chinese: pjang
These groups have at least 4 characters and share at least 1 pronunciation among all the contained characters.
1modal particle
Old Chinese: *gə
Middle Chinese: gi
2(3p possessive)
Old Chinese: *gə
Middle Chinese: gi
ancient
Old Chinese: *kˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: kuX
1bear, be born; live
Old Chinese: *sreŋ (MC srj- > sr-; or *s.reŋ ?)
Middle Chinese: sraeng
2fresh, raw
Old Chinese: *sreŋ
Middle Chinese: sraeng
3bear, be born; live
Old Chinese: *sreŋ (or *s.reŋ ?)
Middle Chinese: srjaeng
scribe
Old Chinese: *s-rəʔ
Middle Chinese: sriX
These groups have less than 4 characters but still share at least 1 pronunciation among all the contained characters.
reach to
Old Chinese: *[m-k-]rəp
Middle Chinese: gip
this
Old Chinese: *[d]eʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyeX
There are no shared pronunciations in these groups. However, the pronunciations are still related, since they have a common ancestor in ancient Chinese.
1upwards
Old Chinese: *[d]aŋ-s
Middle Chinese: dzyangH
2still, yet
Old Chinese: *[d]aŋ-s
Middle Chinese: dzyangH
1sg., prob. a polite form
Old Chinese: *la
Middle Chinese: yo
I, me
Old Chinese: *lə
Middle Chinese: yi
each
Old Chinese: *kˤak
Middle Chinese: kak
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ŋeːw
axe; catty
Old Chinese: *[k]ər
Middle Chinese: kj+n
may; acceptable
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰˤa[j]ʔ
Middle Chinese: khaX
hall
Old Chinese: *s-[d]əʔ-s
Middle Chinese: ziH
1not
Old Chinese: *pə
Middle Chinese: pjuw
2不律 writing brush (pron. in Wú 吳 ap. Shuōwén; E. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *pə
Middle Chinese: pjuw
now
Old Chinese: *[k]r[ə]m
Middle Chinese: kim
head; first
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]o[r] (< nasal + uvular)
Middle Chinese: ngjwon
1together; put together; combined
Old Chinese: *kˤop
Middle Chinese: kop
2come together; bring together
Old Chinese: *m-kˤop
Middle Chinese: hop
many
Old Chinese: *[t.l]ˤaj
Middle Chinese: ta
1peace(ful)
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]ˤa[n]
Middle Chinese: 'an
2how
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]ˤa[n]
Middle Chinese: 'an
3安息 Ānxī (Iranian country in the western regions, W. Hàn; from Aršaka = Arsaces, founder of the Arsacid dynasty)
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]ˤa[n]
Middle Chinese: 'an
1some; or
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤək
Middle Chinese: hwok
2territory
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷrək
Middle Chinese: hwik
mother
Old Chinese: *məʔ (? or *mˤoʔ)
Middle Chinese: muwX
1begin
Old Chinese: *p(r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: pjuX
2great
Old Chinese: *praʔ
Middle Chinese: pjuX
straight
Old Chinese: *N-t
Middle Chinese: drik
stand (v.)
Old Chinese: *k.rəp
Middle Chinese: lip
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kɯːns
1your
Old Chinese: *nˤə(ŋ)ʔ
Middle Chinese: nojX
2then
Old Chinese: *nˤəʔ
Middle Chinese: nojX
(final particle)
Old Chinese: *lAjʔ
Middle Chinese: yaeX
half
Old Chinese: *pˤan-s
Middle Chinese: panH
11st earthly branch
Old Chinese: *[ts]əʔ
Middle Chinese: tsiX
2child; gentleman, master
Old Chinese: *tsəʔ
Middle Chinese: tsiX
shoot arrow with string attached
Old Chinese: *lək
Middle Chinese: yik
this
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]e(j)ʔ
Middle Chinese: tshjeX
1female
Old Chinese: *nraʔ
Middle Chinese: nrjoX
2give as a wife
Old Chinese: *nraʔ-s
Middle Chinese: nrjoH
(nominalizing particle)
Old Chinese: *tAʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyaeX
good
Old Chinese: *[r]aŋ
Middle Chinese: ljang
1repeat; double
Old Chinese: *[m]-troŋ
Middle Chinese: drjowng
2heavy
Old Chinese: *N-t
Middle Chinese: drjowngX
3weight (n.)
Old Chinese: *N-t
Middle Chinese: drjowngH
1I, we
Old Chinese: *laʔ
Middle Chinese: yo
2give; together with
Old Chinese: *laʔ
Middle Chinese: yoX
five
Old Chinese: *C.ŋˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: nguX
hill; capital city
Old Chinese: *[k]raŋ
Middle Chinese: kjaeng
all; many
Old Chinese: *s.qʰ[a]m (dialect: *s.qʰ > MC tsh-)
Middle Chinese: tshjem
1bring or send in
Old Chinese: *nˤ[u]p
Middle Chinese: nop
2inside
Old Chinese: *nˤ[u]p-s
Middle Chinese: nwojH
1impartial, just; public
Old Chinese: *C.qˤoŋ
Middle Chinese: kuwng
2father; prince
Old Chinese: *C.qˤoŋ
Middle Chinese: kuwng
1don't
Old Chinese: *mut
Middle Chinese: mjut
2not ... it
Old Chinese: *mut
Middle Chinese: mjut
transform
Old Chinese: *qʷʰˤ
Middle Chinese: xwaeH
(a measure)
Old Chinese: *qˤ(r)o
Middle Chinese: 'uw
south
Old Chinese: *nˤ[ə]m
Middle Chinese: nom
prognosticate
Old Chinese: *tem
Middle Chinese: tsyem
in danger
Old Chinese: *[ŋ](r)[o]j
Middle Chinese: ngjwe
1egg
Old Chinese: *k.rˤorʔ (dialect: *-r > *-j)
Middle Chinese: lwaX
2egg
Old Chinese: *k.rˤorʔ
Middle Chinese: lwanX
1accumulate
Old Chinese: r̥ˤəʔ
Middle Chinese: tshom
2參差 tsrhim.tsrhje uneven
Old Chinese: *[tsʰr][u]m
Middle Chinese: tsrhim
3three
Old Chinese: *s.rum (*s.r- > s-; infl. by 四 *s-?)
Middle Chinese: sam
4the constellation Orion’ (named for the three stars in Orion’s belt)
Old Chinese: *srum (should be *s.rum)
Middle Chinese: srim
1dignified, grand
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤranʔ
Middle Chinese: baenX
2reverse (v.)
Old Chinese: *Cə.panʔ
Middle Chinese: pjonX
superintend
Old Chinese: *s-lə
Middle Chinese: si
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: shroːŋ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: shloːŋ
earth
Old Chinese: *tʰˤaʔ
Middle Chinese: thuX
officer; gentleman
Old Chinese: *[m-s-]rəʔ
Middle Chinese: dzriX
1big
Old Chinese: *lˤat-s (MC F!)
Middle Chinese: daH
2big
Old Chinese: *lˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: dajH
mountain, hill
Old Chinese: *s-ŋrar
Middle Chinese: srean
16th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *k(r)əʔ
Middle Chinese: kiX
2self
Old Chinese: *k(r)əʔ
Middle Chinese: kiX
1snake
Old Chinese: *pˤra
Middle Chinese: pae
2[place name]
Old Chinese: *pˤra
Middle Chinese: pae
1combine two things
Old Chinese: *peŋ
Middle Chinese: pjieng
2combine two things
Old Chinese: *peŋ-s
Middle Chinese: pjiengH
1(negation)
Old Chinese: *p[u]t
Middle Chinese: pjut
2gust of wind
Old Chinese: *put
Middle Chinese: pjut
3writing brush (pron. in Yān 燕, ap. Shuōwén, E. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *put
Middle Chinese: pjut
bright
Old Chinese: *laŋ
Middle Chinese: yang
1(adverb indicating past time)
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤəŋ
Middle Chinese: dzong
2remote (ancestor)
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤəŋ
Middle Chinese: tsong
1meeting; have a meeting
Old Chinese: *m-kˤop-s
Middle Chinese: hwajH
2阿會亘 ēhuìxuān: Skt. ābhāsvara ‘shining’ (E. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *ɦʷˤajs (< *m-kˤop-s)
Middle Chinese: hwajH
3calculate; calculation
Old Chinese: *kˤop-s
Middle Chinese: kwajH
1dwarf
Old Chinese: *to
Middle Chinese: tsyu
2red
Old Chinese: *to
Middle Chinese: tsyu
1Western tribes
Old Chinese: *tˤij
Middle Chinese: tej
2bottom
Old Chinese: *tˤijʔ
Middle Chinese: tejX
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: braːn
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: zaŋ
9th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *l̥i[n]
Middle Chinese: syin
skin
Old Chinese: *m-[p](r)aj
Middle Chinese: bje
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ʔljin
Middle Chinese: tjin
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: neb
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: laːɡ
a kind of lance
Old Chinese: *m(r)u
Middle Chinese: mjuw
growing grain
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤoj
Middle Chinese: hwa
a kind of net (on a handle?) (Shuōwén: 'bird net')
Old Chinese: *rˤaj
Middle Chinese: la
beautiful
Old Chinese: *[m]rəjʔ
Middle Chinese: mijX
1following, thereupon
Old Chinese: *[N.]rut
Middle Chinese: ywit
2writing stylus or brush (pron. in Chǔ 楚 ap. Shuōwén; E. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *[m-]rut
Middle Chinese: ywit
caterpillar; Shu [place name]
Old Chinese: *[d]ok
Middle Chinese: dzyowk
1see (v.)
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤen-s
Middle Chinese: kenH
2appear
Old Chinese: *N-[k]ˤen-s
Middle Chinese: henH
3cause to appear, introduce
Old Chinese: *m-[k]ˤen-s
Middle Chinese: henH
ritual vessel
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤijʔ
Middle Chinese: lejX
1[surname]
Old Chinese: *C.ra[n]
Middle Chinese: ljen
2connect in a row
Old Chinese: *[r]a[n]
Middle Chinese: ljen
1village; district
Old Chinese: *qʰaŋ
Middle Chinese: xjang
2feast
Old Chinese: *qʰaŋʔ
Middle Chinese: xjangX
3to face
Old Chinese: *qʰaŋ-s
Middle Chinese: xjangH
li (measure of distance); village
Old Chinese: *(mə.)rəʔ
Middle Chinese: liX
1arrange
Old Chinese: *lri[n]
Middle Chinese: drin
2battle array
Old Chinese: *lri[n]-s
Middle Chinese: drinH
a kind of bird
Old Chinese: *tur
Middle Chinese: tsywij
heron
Old Chinese: *C.qʷˤar-s
Middle Chinese: kwanH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: roːds
1head
Old Chinese: *l̥uʔ
Middle Chinese: syuwX
2turn the head towards
Old Chinese: *l̥uʔ-s
Middle Chinese: syuwH
horse
Old Chinese: *mˤraʔ
Middle Chinese: maeX
bird
Old Chinese: *tˤiwʔ
Middle Chinese: tewX
generation
Old Chinese: *l̥ap-s
Middle Chinese: syejH
master; host
Old Chinese: *toʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyuX
1go to
Old Chinese: *tə
Middle Chinese: tsyi
2(3p object pronoun; attributive particle)
Old Chinese: *tə
Middle Chinese: tsyi
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: run
together, all
Old Chinese: *N-k(r)oŋʔ-s
Middle Chinese: gjowngH
1finish, die
Old Chinese: *[ts]ut
Middle Chinese: tswit
2soldier
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤut
Middle Chinese: tswot
only
Old Chinese: *ɢʷij (< *ɢʷuj?)
Middle Chinese: ywij
1單于 chányú: Xiōngnú ruler (W. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *dar (< *[d]ar)
Middle Chinese: dzyen
2single, simple
Old Chinese: *Cə.tˤar
Middle Chinese: tan
1circumstances; setting
Old Chinese: *ŋ̊et-s
Middle Chinese: syejH
2to plant
Old Chinese: *ŋet-s (MC I!)
Middle Chinese: ngjiejH
1heaven
Old Chinese: *l̥ˤi[n]
Middle Chinese: then
2heaven
Old Chinese: *l̥ˤi[n] (W dialect: l̥ˤ- > Hàn-time *xˤ- > MC x-)
Middle Chinese: xen
small
Old Chinese: *[s]ewʔ
Middle Chinese: sjewX
1to stop
Old Chinese: *nˤərʔ
Middle Chinese: nejX
2to stop, obstruct
Old Chinese: *nˤərʔ-s
Middle Chinese: nejH
3near, close
Old Chinese: *nr[əj]
Middle Chinese: nrij
God
Old Chinese: *tˤek-s
Middle Chinese: tejH
dawn
Old Chinese: *tˤan-s
Middle Chinese: tanH
what
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤat
Middle Chinese: hat
1(morning) audience at court
Old Chinese: *m-t
Middle Chinese: drjew
2morning
Old Chinese: *t
Middle Chinese: trjew
1to cure
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤawk
Middle Chinese: lak
2joy; enjoy
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤawk
Middle Chinese: lak
3cause to rejoice
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ˤrawk-s
Middle Chinese: ngaewH
4music
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ˤrawk
Middle Chinese: ngaewk
use (v.)
Old Chinese: *loŋ-s
Middle Chinese: yowngH
follow; from
Old Chinese: *l[u]
Middle Chinese: yuw
fullness
Old Chinese: *[b]ək
Middle Chinese: bjuwk
white
Old Chinese: *bˤrak
Middle Chinese: baek
tiger
Old Chinese: *qʰˤra (dialect *qˤʰr- >r̥ˤ- > x-)
Middle Chinese: xu
1dragon
Old Chinese: *[mə]-roŋ
Middle Chinese: ljowng
2variegated
Old Chinese: *mˤroŋ
Middle Chinese: maewng
14th heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *tˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: teng
2nail (n.)
Old Chinese: *tˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: teng
3sound of beating
Old Chinese: *tˤreŋ
Middle Chinese: treang
1脊令 tsjek.leng (a kind of water bird)
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤiŋ
Middle Chinese: leng
2send (a person)
Old Chinese: *riŋ
Middle Chinese: ljeng
3issue a command
Old Chinese: *riŋ-s
Middle Chinese: ljengH
1long (adj.)
Old Chinese: *Cə-[N]-traŋ
Middle Chinese: drjang
2grow; elder
Old Chinese: *traŋʔ
Middle Chinese: trjangX
These groups each contain only one character. It is still good to know the phonetic component, since it may be of use in learning new characters not treated here, in the same or other languages.
one
Old Chinese: *ʔi[t]
Middle Chinese: 'jit
to sob
Old Chinese: *C.qʰˤuʔ (Shuōwén; no pre-Qín exx.)
Middle Chinese: khawX
1ascend
Old Chinese: *Cə-daŋʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyangX
2to put up
Old Chinese: *m-daŋʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyangX
3top, above (n.)
Old Chinese: *daŋʔ-s
Middle Chinese: dzyangH
1down
Old Chinese: *gˤraʔ
Middle Chinese: haeX
2descend
Old Chinese: *m-gˤraʔ-s
Middle Chinese: haeH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: meːnʔ
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kaːds
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kaːd
3d heavenly stem
Old Chinese: *praŋʔ
Middle Chinese: pjaengX
twist (v.)
Old Chinese: *k-riw (dialect: *k-r- > *kr-)
Middle Chinese: kjiw
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰoŋ
plant leaves
Old Chinese: *tˤrak
Middle Chinese: traek
suddenly
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤrak-s
Middle Chinese: dzraeH
nine
Old Chinese: *[k]uʔ
Middle Chinese: kjuwX
beg, ask
Old Chinese: *C.qʰət
Middle Chinese: khj+t
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ʔsreːŋ
intertwining
Old Chinese: *m-qˤaʔ-s
Middle Chinese: huH
well (n.)
Old Chinese: *C.tseŋʔ
Middle Chinese: tsjengX
secondary
Old Chinese: *ʔˤrak-s
Middle Chinese: 'aeH
flee; disappear; die
Old Chinese: *maŋ
Middle Chinese: mjang
lift high
Old Chinese: *k-ŋˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: kang
cross (v.)
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤraw
Middle Chinese: kaew
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tjaŋʔ
armour; scale of animals
Old Chinese: *kˤr[e]p-s
Middle Chinese: keajH
give
Old Chinese: *p(r)o-s
Middle Chinese: pjuH
item
Old Chinese: *[g]r[a][n]ʔ (no pre-Qín exx?)
Middle Chinese: gjenX
protect
Old Chinese: *pˤuʔ
Middle Chinese: pawX
complete (adj.)
Old Chinese: *[b]rək-s
Middle Chinese: bijH
full, fill
Old Chinese: *tʰuŋ
Middle Chinese: tsyhuwng
great number
Old Chinese: *lr[a]wʔ
Middle Chinese: drjewX
1first
Old Chinese: *sˤər
Middle Chinese: sen
2go first
Old Chinese: *sˤər-s
Middle Chinese: senH
light, brightness
Old Chinese: *kʷˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: kwang
helmet, hood
Old Chinese: *tˤo
Middle Chinese: tuw
enter
Old Chinese: *n[u]p
Middle Chinese: nyip
complete (adj.)
Old Chinese: *[dz]o[n]
Middle Chinese: dzjwen
eight
Old Chinese: *pˤret
Middle Chinese: peat
statute, norm
Old Chinese: *tˤə[r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: tenX
tablet, records
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ](ˤ)rek
Middle Chinese: tsrheak
cut meat from the bone
Old Chinese: *kʷˤrajʔ
Middle Chinese: kwaeX
winter
Old Chinese: *tˤuŋ
Middle Chinese: towng
stool
Old Chinese: *C.kr[ə]jʔ
Middle Chinese: kijX
in every case
Old Chinese: *[b]rom
Middle Chinese: bjom
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: brɯŋ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: brɯŋs
1go or come out
Old Chinese: *t-kʰut
Middle Chinese: tsyhwit
2bring or take out
Old Chinese: *t-kʰut-s
Middle Chinese: tsyhwijH
edge of a blade
Old Chinese: *nə[n]-s
Middle Chinese: nyinH
before
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤen (~ *m-dzˤen)
Middle Chinese: dzen
strength
Old Chinese: *k.rək
Middle Chinese: lik
add
Old Chinese: *kˤraj
Middle Chinese: kae
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pruː
1even, uniform
Old Chinese: *[N-q]ʷi[n]
Middle Chinese: ywin
2little, few (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷi[ŋ]
Middle Chinese: ywin
north
Old Chinese: *pˤək
Middle Chinese: pok
ten
Old Chinese: *t.[g]əp
Middle Chinese: dzyip
1roll (v.)
Old Chinese: *[k](r)o[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: kjwenX
2handsome
Old Chinese: *[g]ʷren
Middle Chinese: gjwen
1take
Old Chinese: *tsʰˤoʔ
Middle Chinese: tshuwX
2take
Old Chinese: *tsʰoʔ
Middle Chinese: tshjuX
3take (a wife)
Old Chinese: *[ts]ʰoʔ-s
Middle Chinese: tshjuH
mouth
Old Chinese: *kʰˤ(r)oʔ
Middle Chinese: khuwX
1curved
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤ(r)o
Middle Chinese: kuw
2loan for 彀 draw a bow to the full
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤ(r)ok-s
Middle Chinese: kuwH
3phrase
Old Chinese: *[k](r)o-s
Middle Chinese: kjuH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: klje
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: kljeʔ
auspicious
Old Chinese: *C.qi[t] (*C.q- > *k-, escaping palatalization)
Middle Chinese: kjit
name
Old Chinese: *C.meŋ
Middle Chinese: mjieng
lord; ruler
Old Chinese: *C.qur
Middle Chinese: kjun
1blow (v.)
Old Chinese: *tʰo[r]
Middle Chinese: tsyhwe
2musical concert
Old Chinese: *tʰo[r]-s
Middle Chinese: tsyhweH
1announce, inform
Old Chinese: *kˤuk-s
Middle Chinese: kawH
2announce, inform
Old Chinese: *kˤuk
Middle Chinese: kowk
kind, class
Old Chinese: *pʰr[ə]mʔ
Middle Chinese: phimX
1circle; round
Old Chinese: *ɢʷ
Middle Chinese: hjwen
2(a particle)
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷə[n]
Middle Chinese: hjun
four
Old Chinese: *s.li[j]-s
Middle Chinese: sijH
fontanel
Old Chinese: *[s]ə[r]-s
Middle Chinese: sinH
consider
Old Chinese: *[d]ˤa
Middle Chinese: du
seize
Old Chinese: *[t]ip
Middle Chinese: tsyip
1time, season
Old Chinese: *[g]rə[r]
Middle Chinese: gin
2(a kind of vegetable)
Old Chinese: *kə[r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: kj+nX
3clay
Old Chinese: *[g]rə[r]
Middle Chinese: gin
repay
Old Chinese: *pˤuk-s
Middle Chinese: pawH
stand for musical instruments
Old Chinese: *t
Middle Chinese: trjuH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qʰʷeːns
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: qʰʷeŋs
divide, make a breach
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷˤret-s
Middle Chinese: kwaejH
1end (v.)
Old Chinese: *ʔaŋ
Middle Chinese: 'jang
2center (n.)
Old Chinese: *ʔaŋ
Middle Chinese: 'jang
lose
Old Chinese: *l̥i[t]
Middle Chinese: syit
press between
Old Chinese: *kˤ
Middle Chinese: keap
1odd (number)
Old Chinese: *[k](r)aj
Middle Chinese: kje
2strange
Old Chinese: *N-k(r)aj
Middle Chinese: gje
concubine
Old Chinese: *[tsʰ]ap
Middle Chinese: tshjep
1委蛇 compliant, complaisant
Old Chinese: *q(r)oj
Middle Chinese: 'jwe
2entrust to
Old Chinese: *q(r)ojʔ
Middle Chinese: 'jweX
3collect; store
Old Chinese: *q(r)ojʔ
Middle Chinese: 'jweX
4bend; hang down
Old Chinese: *q(r)orʔ
Middle Chinese: 'jweX
drag, trail (v.)
Old Chinese: *[r]o
Middle Chinese: lju
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: nuːns
(surname)
Old Chinese: *[k]ʰˤoŋʔ
Middle Chinese: khuwngX
study; imitate
Old Chinese: *m-kˤruk
Middle Chinese: haewk
1be hurt (v.i.); injury (n.)
Old Chinese: *N-kˤat-s
Middle Chinese: hajH
2hurt (v.t.)
Old Chinese: *m-kˤat-s
Middle Chinese: hajH
household
Old Chinese: *kˤra
Middle Chinese: kae
1warm up
Old Chinese: *sə-l[ə]m (< *-um ?)
Middle Chinese: zim
2measure of 8 chǐ 尺
Old Chinese: *sə-l[ə]m
Middle Chinese: zim
pulse, beans
Old Chinese: *s.tuk
Middle Chinese: syuwk
1roll over; unfold
Old Chinese: *trenʔ
Middle Chinese: trjenX
2ritual robe
Old Chinese: *tra[n]-s
Middle Chinese: trjenH
1accumulate
Old Chinese: *[d]ˤun
Middle Chinese: dwon
2difficult
Old Chinese: *trun
Middle Chinese: trwin
islet in stream; province
Old Chinese: *tu
Middle Chinese: tsyuw
a vein of water (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *k.lˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: keng
kerchief
Old Chinese: *krən
Middle Chinese: kin
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pub
Middle Chinese: pud
market (n.)
Old Chinese: *C.[d]əʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyiX
thin, sparse
Old Chinese: *qʰəj
Middle Chinese: xj+j
broom
Old Chinese: *[t.p]əʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyuwX
1army
Old Chinese: *srij
Middle Chinese: srij
2master
Old Chinese: *srij
Middle Chinese: srij
even, level (Shuōwén)
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤe[r]
Middle Chinese: ken
fortunate
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤreŋʔ
Middle Chinese: heangX
1small; almost
Old Chinese: *kəj
Middle Chinese: kj+j
2few; how many
Old Chinese: *kəjʔ
Middle Chinese: kj+jX
numerous; commoner
Old Chinese: *s-tak-s
Middle Chinese: syoH
courtyard
Old Chinese: *lˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: deng
1draw the bow
Old Chinese: *li[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: yinX
2draw the bow
Old Chinese: *li[n]ʔ-s
Middle Chinese: yinH
younger brother
Old Chinese: *lˤəjʔ
Middle Chinese: dejX
1strong
Old Chinese: *N-kaŋ
Middle Chinese: gjang
2make an effort
Old Chinese: *m-kaŋʔ
Middle Chinese: gjangX
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: b·roːɡ
running pig
Old Chinese: *l̥ˤo[r]-s
Middle Chinese: thwanH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ŋrans
1after
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤ(r)oʔ
Middle Chinese: huwX
2put after ?
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ˤ(r)oʔ-s
Middle Chinese: huwH
obtain
Old Chinese: *tˤək
Middle Chinese: tok
heart
Old Chinese: *səm
Middle Chinese: sim
necessarily
Old Chinese: *pi[t]
Middle Chinese: pjit
1breathe
Old Chinese: *sək
Middle Chinese: sik
2安息 Ānxī (Iranian country in the western regions, W. Hàn; from Aršaka = Arsaces, founder of the Arsacid dynasty)
Old Chinese: *sək
Middle Chinese: sik
dagger-axe
Old Chinese: *kʷˤaj
Middle Chinese: kwa
a kind of axe
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷat
Middle Chinese: hjwot
we, I
Old Chinese: *ŋˤajʔ
Middle Chinese: ngaX
kill; cruel
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤa[n]
Middle Chinese: dzan
adhere (?)
Old Chinese: *tək
Middle Chinese: tsyik
hand
Old Chinese: *n̥uʔ
Middle Chinese: syuwX
1support, hold up
Old Chinese: *ke
Middle Chinese: tsye
2branch (of tree), limb
Old Chinese: *ke
Middle Chinese: tsye
place where
Old Chinese: *liw
Middle Chinese: yuw
respectful
Old Chinese: *kreŋ(ʔ)-s
Middle Chinese: kjaengH
ornate
Old Chinese: *mə[n]
Middle Chinese: mjun
1bushel; ladle
Old Chinese: *tˤoʔ
Middle Chinese: tuwX
2ladle
Old Chinese: *toʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyuX
measure (v.)
Old Chinese: *[r]ˤew-s
Middle Chinese: lewH
cut off
Old Chinese: *[ts]ramʔ
Middle Chinese: tsreamX
1oh!
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]ˤa
Middle Chinese: 'u
2at (locative preposition)
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]a
Middle Chinese: 'jo
sun; day
Old Chinese: *C.nik
Middle Chinese: nyit
fine-tasting
Old Chinese: *kijʔ
Middle Chinese: tsyijX
bright
Old Chinese: *mraŋ
Middle Chinese: mjaeng
1easy
Old Chinese: *lek-s
Middle Chinese: yeH
2change; exchange
Old Chinese: *lek
Middle Chinese: yek
in the past
Old Chinese: *[s]Ak
Middle Chinese: sjek
1scorch, burn
Old Chinese: *n̥ˤarʔ
Middle Chinese: xanX
2dry
Old Chinese: *[qʰ]ˤarʔ-s
Middle Chinese: xanH
say
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷat
Middle Chinese: hjwot
come together; pair
Old Chinese: *N-tsˤu
Middle Chinese: dzaw
discard
Old Chinese: *n̥ˤi[t]-s
Middle Chinese: thejH
set of cowries; friend
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤəŋ
Middle Chinese: bong
end of a branch
Old Chinese: *mˤat
Middle Chinese: mat
tree trunk
Old Chinese: *C.pˤə[n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: pwonX
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: l'ud
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɦljud
apricot (tree)
Old Chinese: *C.[g]ˤraŋʔ
Middle Chinese: haengX
east
Old Chinese: *tˤoŋ (< *tˤoŋʔ ?)
Middle Chinese: tuwng
forest
Old Chinese: *[r]əm
Middle Chinese: lim
fruit; result
Old Chinese: *[k]ˤo[r]ʔ
Middle Chinese: kwaX
so and so; a certain
Old Chinese: *məʔ
Middle Chinese: muwX
select, distinguish
Old Chinese: *kˤr[a]nʔ
Middle Chinese: keanX
chestnut tree
Old Chinese: *[r]i[t]
Middle Chinese: lit
1work (n.)
Old Chinese: *[m-qʰ](r)[a]p
Middle Chinese: ngjaep
2horizontal board of a bell stand or frame
Old Chinese: *[m-qʰ](r)[a]p
Middle Chinese: ngjaep
3strong, sturdy
Old Chinese: *[ŋ](r)[a]p
Middle Chinese: ngjaep
1lodge (v.)
Old Chinese: *[s-n̥]i[j]-s
Middle Chinese: tshijH
2put in order; second
Old Chinese: *[s-n̥]i[j]-s
Middle Chinese: tshijH
step
Old Chinese: *mə-bˤa-s
Middle Chinese: buH
a kind of lance
Old Chinese: *[d]o
Middle Chinese: dzyu
hanging musical stone
Old Chinese: *[C.qʰ]ˤeŋ-s
Middle Chinese: khengH
clan
Old Chinese: *k.deʔ
Middle Chinese: dzyeX
people
Old Chinese: *mi[ŋ]
Middle Chinese: mjin
(inhaled thing:) breath, air, vapors
Old Chinese: *C.qʰəp-s
Middle Chinese: khj+jH
water; river
Old Chinese: *s.turʔ (E dialect: *-r > *-j)
Middle Chinese: sywijX
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰoms
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: bom
seek
Old Chinese: *[g](r)u
Middle Chinese: gjuw
sand
Old Chinese: *sˤraj
Middle Chinese: srae
go along (a river); follow
Old Chinese: *lon
Middle Chinese: ywen
model, law
Old Chinese: *[p.k]ap
Middle Chinese: pjop
fire
Old Chinese: *[qʷʰ]ˤəjʔ
Middle Chinese: xwaX
1not have
Old Chinese: *ma
Middle Chinese: mju
2volitional prefix
Old Chinese: *ma
Middle Chinese: mju
3don’t
Old Chinese: *mo
Middle Chinese: mju
dazzle
Old Chinese: *[N]-qʷˤeŋ
Middle Chinese: hweng
claw
Old Chinese: *[ts]ˤ
Middle Chinese: tsraewX
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɢʷal
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɢʷal
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɢʷals
1change; hexagram
Old Chinese: *N-kˤraw
Middle Chinese: haew
2change; hexagram
Old Chinese: *N-kˤraw
Middle Chinese: haew
half; partial
Old Chinese: *pʰˤe[n]-s
Middle Chinese: phenH
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: mu
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ruː
1satiate, satisfy
Old Chinese: *ʔem
Middle Chinese: 'jiem
2satisfaction
Old Chinese: *ʔem-s
Middle Chinese: 'jiemH
lawsuit; prison
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]rok
Middle Chinese: ngjowk
jade
Old Chinese: *[ŋ](r)ok (< uvular?)
Middle Chinese: ngjowk
1king
Old Chinese: *ɢʷaŋ
Middle Chinese: hjwang
2be king
Old Chinese: *ɢʷaŋ-s
Middle Chinese: hjwangH
divide, distribute
Old Chinese: *pˤ
Middle Chinese: paen
roof tile
Old Chinese: *C.ŋʷˤra[j]ʔ
Middle Chinese: ngwaeX
1wooden fork
Old Chinese: *pi[t]
Middle Chinese: pjit
2bird-net
Old Chinese: *pi[t]
Middle Chinese: pjit
3finish (v.)
Old Chinese: *pi[t]
Middle Chinese: pjit
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: pʰaːd
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: baːd
1a kind of sacrificial vessel
Old Chinese: *k-tˤəŋ
Middle Chinese: tong
2ascend
Old Chinese: *tˤəŋ
Middle Chinese: tong
vessel, bowl
Old Chinese: *mraŋʔ
Middle Chinese: mjaengX
eye
Old Chinese: *C.m(r)[u]k
Middle Chinese: mjuwk
1mutually
Old Chinese: *[s]aŋ
Middle Chinese: sjang
2appearance, quality
Old Chinese: *[s]aŋ-s
Middle Chinese: sjangH
inspect
Old Chinese: *[s]eŋʔ
Middle Chinese: sjengX
(final particle)
Old Chinese: *qəʔ (atonic)
Middle Chinese: hiX
stone
Old Chinese: *dAk
Middle Chinese: dzyek
1to curse
Old Chinese: *[t]uk-s
Middle Chinese: tsyuwH
2pray, recite
Old Chinese: *[t]uk
Middle Chinese: tsyuwk
3cut off, break
Old Chinese: *tuk
Middle Chinese: tsyuwk
1sacrifice
Old Chinese: *[ts]et-s
Middle Chinese: tsjejH
2(name of a state)
Old Chinese: *[ts](ˤ)re[t]-s
Middle Chinese: tsreajH
autumn; crop
Old Chinese: *tsʰiw
Middle Chinese: tshjuw
a high number
Old Chinese: *[ts][i]jʔ
Middle Chinese: tsijX
brilliant; distinctive mark; to display
Old Chinese: *taŋ
Middle Chinese: tsyang
calculate; tally
Old Chinese: *[s]ˤorʔ-s
Middle Chinese: swanH
millet or rice grains, dehusked and polished
Old Chinese: *(C.)mˤ[e]jʔ
Middle Chinese: mejX
sheep
Old Chinese: *ɢaŋ
Middle Chinese: yang
old
Old Chinese: *C.rˤuʔ
Middle Chinese: lawX
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ruːls
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: rulʔ
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: njen
1a kind of bear
Old Chinese: *nˤə
Middle Chinese: noj
2a kind of bear
Old Chinese: *nˤə(ŋ)
Middle Chinese: nong
3able; ability
Old Chinese: *nˤə(ʔ) (~ *nˤəŋ)
Middle Chinese: nong
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: men
mortar
Old Chinese: *C.[g]ʷəʔ
Middle Chinese: gjuwX
give
Old Chinese: *m-q(r)aʔ
Middle Chinese: yoX
color; countenance
Old Chinese: *s.rək
Middle Chinese: srik
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: men
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: meːnʔ
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: maːn
sprout (n.)
Old Chinese: *m(r)aw
Middle Chinese: mjew
1flower (n.)
Old Chinese: *qʷʰˤra
Middle Chinese: xwae
2flower (v.); flowery (adj.)
Old Chinese: *N-qʷʰˤra
Middle Chinese: hwae
3[name of a mountain]
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷˤra-s
Middle Chinese: hwaeH
10,000
Old Chinese: *C.ma[n]-s
Middle Chinese: mjonH
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tjuŋ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: tjuŋs
to guard
Old Chinese: *[ɢ]ʷ(r)a[t]-s
Middle Chinese: hjwejH
cover
Old Chinese: *qʰˤraʔ
Middle Chinese: xaeX
1west
Old Chinese: *s-nˤər
Middle Chinese: sej
2west
Old Chinese: *s-nˤər
Middle Chinese: sej
1cut up; unloose
Old Chinese: *kˤreʔ
Middle Chinese: keaX
2understand
Old Chinese: *N-kˤreʔ
Middle Chinese: heaX
3=懈 lazy
Old Chinese: *N-kˤreʔ
Middle Chinese: heaX
1(a particle)
Old Chinese: *ŋa[n]
Middle Chinese: ngjon
2I, we
Old Chinese: *ŋa[n]
Middle Chinese: ngjon
3speak; speech
Old Chinese: *ŋa[n]
Middle Chinese: ngjon
4tall
Old Chinese: *ŋa[r]
Middle Chinese: ngjon
1TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡaŋʔ
2TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: ɡraŋs
3TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: l̥ʰuːms
valley
Old Chinese: *C.qˤok
Middle Chinese: kuwk
1bean
Old Chinese: *[N.t]ˤo-s
Middle Chinese: duwH
2vessel with a neck
Old Chinese: *[d]ˤok-s
Middle Chinese: duwH
cowry shell
Old Chinese: *pˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: pajH
1straight; correct
Old Chinese: *treŋ
Middle Chinese: trjeng
2divine (v.)
Old Chinese: *treŋ
Middle Chinese: trjeng
depend on
Old Chinese: *rˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: lajH
body; self
Old Chinese: *n̥i[ŋ]
Middle Chinese: syin
1chariot
Old Chinese: *[t.qʰ](r)A
Middle Chinese: tsyhae
2chariot
Old Chinese: *C.q(r)a
Middle Chinese: kjo
army; camp
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷər
Middle Chinese: kjun
advance (v.)
Old Chinese: *sə-lu[t]-s
Middle Chinese: zwijH
lead (v.), govern
Old Chinese: *[b]ˤ(r)oʔ
Middle Chinese: buwX
1measure (v.)
Old Chinese: *[r]aŋ
Middle Chinese: ljang
2measure (n.)
Old Chinese: *[r]aŋ-s
Middle Chinese: ljangH
metal, bronze
Old Chinese: *k(r)[ə]m
Middle Chinese: kim
gate, door
Old Chinese: *mˤə[r]
Middle Chinese: mwon
single
Old Chinese: *tek
Middle Chinese: tsyek
wait
Old Chinese: *s-no
Middle Chinese: sju
is not
Old Chinese: *pəj
Middle Chinese: pj+j
1hide, skin
Old Chinese: *kˤrək
Middle Chinese: keak
2change (v.)
Old Chinese: *kˤrək
Middle Chinese: keak
sound, tone
Old Chinese: *[q](r)əm
Middle Chinese: 'im
fly (v.)
Old Chinese: *Cə.pə[r] (dialect: *-r > *-j)
Middle Chinese: pj+j
fragrance
Old Chinese: *qʰaŋ
Middle Chinese: xjang
high, tall
Old Chinese: *Cə.[k]ˤaw
Middle Chinese: kaw
quarrel, wrangle
Old Chinese: *tˤok-s
Middle Chinese: tuwH
ghost
Old Chinese: *k-ʔujʔ
Middle Chinese: kjw+jX
fish (n.)
Old Chinese: *[r.ŋ]a
Middle Chinese: ngjo
black
Old Chinese: *m̥ˤək (dialect *m̥ˤ- > xˤ-)
Middle Chinese: xok
1uniform, equal
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤəj
Middle Chinese: dzej
2Qí (place name)
Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤəj
Middle Chinese: dzej
two
Old Chinese: *ni[j]-s
Middle Chinese: nyijH
truthful
Old Chinese: *s-ni[ŋ]-s
Middle Chinese: sinH
sell
Old Chinese: *[l][iw]k
Middle Chinese: yuwk
1divide
Old Chinese: *pə[n]
Middle Chinese: pjun
2alloted duty
Old Chinese: *[m]-pə[n]-s
Middle Chinese: bjunH
seal
Old Chinese: *[ʔ]iŋ-s
Middle Chinese: 'jinH
1go to
Old Chinese: *[ts]ik
Middle Chinese: tsik
2thereupon
Old Chinese: *[ts]ik
Middle Chinese: tsik
stingy
Old Chinese: *mə.rə[n]-s
Middle Chinese: linH
1Zhōu (dynasty and place)
Old Chinese: *tiw
Middle Chinese: tsyuw
2cycle; all around
Old Chinese: *tiw
Middle Chinese: tsyuw
all; everywhere
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤr[ə]m
Middle Chinese: heam
rely on
Old Chinese: *ʔi[n]
Middle Chinese: 'jin
outside
Old Chinese: *[ŋ]ʷˤa[t]-s
Middle Chinese: ngwajH
fruit; full
Old Chinese: *mə.li[t]
Middle Chinese: zyit
exclusively
Old Chinese: *ton
Middle Chinese: tsywen
respond
Old Chinese: *[t]ˤ[u]p-s
Middle Chinese: twojH
1bent, curved
Old Chinese: *N-kʰ(r)ok
Middle Chinese: gjowk
2department
Old Chinese: *[g](r)ok
Middle Chinese: gjowk
TODO: gloss
Old Chinese: breːŋ
war expedition; service
Old Chinese: *ɢʷek
Middle Chinese: ywek
thought (n.)
Old Chinese: *ʔ(r)ək-s
Middle Chinese: 'iH
1not yet
Old Chinese: *m[ə]t-s
Middle Chinese: mj+jH
28th earthly branch
Old Chinese: *m[ə]t-s
Middle Chinese: mj+jH
year
Old Chinese: *s-qʷʰat-s
Middle Chinese: sjwejH
dog
Old Chinese: *[k]ʷʰˤ[e][n]ʔ
Middle Chinese: khwenX
1self (adv.)
Old Chinese: *s.[b]i[t]-s
Middle Chinese: dzijH
2to follow; from
Old Chinese: *s.[b]i[t]-s
Middle Chinese: dzijH
important
Old Chinese: *[q]ew(k)-s
Middle Chinese: 'jiewH
bone
Old Chinese: *kˤut
Middle Chinese: kwot
1center
Old Chinese: *truŋ
Middle Chinese: trjuwng
2hit the center
Old Chinese: *truŋ-s
Middle Chinese: trjuwngH
1slope, river bank
Old Chinese: *qˤa[j]
Middle Chinese: 'a
2阿會亘 ēhuìxuān: Skt. ābhāsvara “shining” (E. Hàn)
Old Chinese: *ʔˤa (< *qˤaj)
Middle Chinese: 'a
1rank, row
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤaŋ
Middle Chinese: hang
2walk (v.)
Old Chinese: *Cə.[g]ˤraŋ
Middle Chinese: haeng
3action
Old Chinese: *[g]ˤraŋ-s
Middle Chinese: haengH
The characters in these groups have no pronunciations based on ancient Chinese.